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¿Qué se dice sobre la Kombucha casera? (C 1312-SP) Do you want to learn more about brewing kombucha at home? Learn about the historical roots of this fermented tea beverage and explore its global popularity, driven by perceived health benefits. Food safety is crucial in homebrewing, and we provide guidelines on equipment selection, hygiene practices, and acidity monitoring to prevent contamination. We also cover regulatory considerations regarding…

1998 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-01) It is estimated that 1998 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $605 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was $3.63 billion, this giving a 16.6 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

1999 Corn Performance Tests (RR 661) Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia in 1999. Short-season, mid-season, and full-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the coastal plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the limestone valley region, and at Blairsville in the mountain region. High oil corn hybrids were tested at Tifton and Plains. Hybrids used fo…

1999 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-02) It is estimated that 1999 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $580.25 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was $4.124 billion, resulting in a 14.07 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

1999 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (RR 664) This research report presents the results of the 1999 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region. For identification of the test site locations, consult the map in this report.

1999 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Grain Millet, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (RR 663) This research report presents the results of the 1999 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, grain millet, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region; and…

1999-2000 Small Grains Performance Tests (RR 666) Grain-evaluation studies were conducted at five locations, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, Griffin in the Piedmont region, and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at three locations in Georgia, which included Tifton and Plains in the Coastal Plain, Griffin in the Piedmont, and at Quincy, Florida.

2000 Corn Performance Tests (RR 668) Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia and two locations in Florida in 2000. Short-season, mid-season, and full-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the coastal plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the limestone valley region, at Blairsville in the mountain region, and at Quincy and Jay in the panhandle region …

2000 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-03) It is estimated that 2000 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $572.34 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was more than $4.376 billion, resulting in a 13.07 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2000 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (RR 671) This research report presents the results of the 2000 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region.

2000 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Grain Millet, Sunflower, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (RR 670) This research report presents the results of the 2000 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, grain millet, sunflower, and summer annual forages.

2000-2001 Canola Performance Tests (RR 674) The 2000-2001 canola growing season was characterized by a dry and cool fall, an early and cold winter, and a mild spring. Soil conditions were extremely dry during September and October. This made land preparation difficult and, in some cases, delayed planting.

2000-2001 Small Grains Performance Tests (RR 673) Results of the 2000-2001 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain-evaluation studies were conducted at five locations, including Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at four locations in Geo…

2001 Corn Performance Tests (RR 675) Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia and two locations in Florida in 2001. Short-season, mid-season and full-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains and Midville in the coastal plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the limestone valley region, at Blairsville in the mountain region and at Quincy and Jay in the panhandle region of …

2001 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-04) It is estimated that 2001 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $587.107 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was more than $4.799 billion, resulting in a 12.23 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2001 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (RR 677) This research report presents the results of the 2001 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region. For identification of the test site locations, consult the map below.

2001 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Grain Millet, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (RR 676) This research report presents the results of the 2001 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, grain millet, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region; and …

2002 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-05) It is estimated that 2002 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $576.65 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4.376 billion, resulting in a 13.18 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2003 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-06) It is estimated that 2003 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $682.67 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $5.399 billion, resulting in a 12.64 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2005 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-08) It is estimated that 2005 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $537.44 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4377.6 million, resulting in a 12.28 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2006 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-09) It is estimated that 2006 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $647.2 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4673.73 million, resulting in a 12.08 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2007 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-10) It is estimated that 2007 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $539.74 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4815.02 million, resulting in an 11.03 percent total disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2007 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63) This report contains research that evaluates disease and insect management programs, and new cultivars for agronomic aspects of tobacco production in Georgia.

2008 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-1) It is estimated that losses due to plant diseases in Georgia in 2008 amounted to $612.06 million. These losses include actual losses in yield and quality as well as costs of disease control measures. The value of these crops was approximately $4,846.05 million, which resulted in a 12.03% total disease loss for crops grown in 2008.

2008 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-2) The following research reports represent efforts of several research scientists to reduce production inputs in tobacco and thereby improve the profitability of tobacco production in Georgia.

2008-2009 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100) This report includes results of the 2008-2009 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at four locations in Georgia, which included Tifton and Plains in the coastal plain, Griffin in the piedmont, and Calhoun in the limestone valley region, and at Marianna, Fla.

2009 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-2) It is estimated that 2009 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $653.06 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $5887.33 million, resulting in an 11.09 total percent disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2009 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Summer Annual Forages and Sunflower Performance Tests (AP 103) This publication presents the results of the 2009 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, sunflower and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region.

2009 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-3) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia.

2009-2010 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-2) Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, Griffin in the Piedmont region, Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region, and at Marianna, Florida. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at four locations in Georgia, which included Tifton and Plains in the Coastal Plain, Griffin in the Piedmont, and …

2010 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-2) This publication includes the results of the 2010 corn performance trials. Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia in 2010. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region, and at Blairsville in the Mountain region. Hybrids us…

2010 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-3) It is estimated that 2010 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $701.2 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4236.51 million, resulting in a 16.5 total percent disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2010 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Summer Annual Forages, and Sunflower Performance Tests (AP 103-2) This research report presents the results of the 2010 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, sunflower and summer annual forages.

2010 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-4) Like other agricultural enterprises, the tobacco industry has experienced a great deal of change in recent years and continues to evolve. Many challenges exist, including those associated with plant disease, soil fertility, insects, changing markets and global competition, all of which impact profitability. This report contains the most recent results of 2010 tobacco research and field trial progr…

2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Midville Location (AP 111) This publication discusses the results of the 2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Midville location.

2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Tifton Location (AP 112) This publication presents the results of the 2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Tifton location.

2010 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110) This publication provides information on the 2010 UGA uniform cotton variety performance evaluation program. This was a “first-ever” approach, in that it illustrates how variety performance can change across a range of environments, which provides information on how to place varieties in environments where they will likely perform their best.

2010-2011 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-3) Results of the 2010-2011 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, Griffin in the Piedmont region, Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region and at Quincy, Florida. Small grain forage evaluation tests were cond…

2011 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-3) In this research report, the results of the 2011 corn performance trials are presented. Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia (see map inside back cover) in 2011. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region and at Blairsv…

2011 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-4) It is estimated that 2011 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $823.4 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6285.1 million, resulting in a 13.1% total percent disease loss across all crops included in this summary.

2011 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-3) This research report presents the results of the 2011 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages.

2011 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-5) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco programs at the University of Georgia.

2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Midville Location (AP 111-2) This publication presents the results of the This publication discusses the results of the 2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Midville location.

2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Tifton Location (AP 112-2) This publication presents the results of the 2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Tifton location.

2011 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110-2) The UGA Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program was a huge success in 2011, with 15 individual trials throughout Georgia’s cotton belt. This approach illustrates how variety performance can change across a range of environments, which provides information on how to place varieties in environments where they will likely be competitive. This publication contains information about the results…

2011-2012 Georgia Small Grains Performance Tests (AP 100-4) Results of the 2011-2012 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, Griffin in the Piedmont region and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at four locat…

2012 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-4) In this research report, the results of the 2012 corn performance trials are presented. Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia in 2012. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region, and at Blairsville in the Mountain regio…

2012 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2011-2012.

2012 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-5) It is estimated that 2012 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $855.98 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,647.83 million, resulting in a 12.9% total disease loss across all crops included in this summary. Loss estimates for apple, blackberry, blueberry, bunch grape, corn, cotton, muscadine grape, ornamentals, peach, pean…

2012 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-4) This report contains the results of the 2012 soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages performance tests.

2012 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-6) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco programs at the University of Georgia.

2012 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110-3) The UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists established this variety testing program in 2010. Our 2012 industry representatives (Americot, Bayer CropScience, Dow AgroSciences and Monsanto Company) were asked to provide commercially available cotton varieties that they considered their best-adapted varieties for Georgia. This uniform list of CORE varieties was planted in replicated trials in growers’ fiel…

2012-2013 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-5) This publication contains results of the 2012-2013 small grain performance tests in Georgia.

2013 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-5) In this research report, the results of the 2013 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; at Griffin in the Piedmont region; at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region; and at Blairsville in the Mountain region. Hybrids used for silage were evaluated at Tifton, Griffin, Calhoun, and Blairsvil…

2013 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108-2) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2012-2013.

2013 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-6) It is estimated that 2013 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $821.85 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,551.91 million, resulting in a 12.55% total disease loss across all crops included in this summary. Loss estimates for apple, blackberry, blueberry, bunch grape, corn, cotton, muscadine grape, ornamentals, peach, pean…

2013 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-5) This research report presents the results of the 2013 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region.

2013 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-7) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia.

2013 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110-4) The UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists established this variety testing program in 2010. Our 2013 industry representatives (Americot, Bayer CropScience, Croplan Genetics, Dyna-Gro, Dow AgroSciences and Monsanto Company) were asked to provide commercially available cotton varieties that they considered their best-adapted varieties for Georgia. This uniform list of varieties was planted in replicated …

2013 Vegetable Crops Research Report (AP 113) This publication contains a report of research trials done on vegetable crops in Georgia in 2013.

2013-2014 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-6) This publication contains results of the 2013-2014 small grain performance tests in Georgia.

2014 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-6) In this research report, the results of the 2014 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; at Griffin in the Piedmont region; at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region; and at Blairsville in the Mountain region. Hybrids used for silage were evaluated at Tifton, Griffin, Calhoun, and Blairsvil…

2014 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108-3) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2013-2014.

2014 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-7) This annual publication is compiled by the Department of Plant Pathology based on input from department Extension personnel.

2014 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-6) This research report presents the results of the 2014 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region.

2014 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-8) This report contains the most results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2014.

2014 University of Georgia Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114) This publication is a report of 2012-2014 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

2014/2015 Vegetable Crop Variety Trial and Research Report (AP 115) This publication is a report of research and Cooperative Extension trials conducted on cole crops, beans and peas, sweet corn, cucurbits, peppers, and tomato at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

2014-2015 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-7) Results of the 2014-2015 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin in the Piedmont region; and Calhounin the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at four locat…

2015 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-7) In this research report, the results of the 2015 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region, and at Blairsville in the Mountain region. Hybrids used for silage were evaluated at Tifton, Griffin, Calhoun, and Blairsvil…

2015 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108-4) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2014-2015.

2015 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-8) This publication includes a summary of the impact of plant disease on the major crops produced in Georgia. It's published annually by the Department of Plant Pathology and is compiled based on input from department Extension personnel.

2015 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-1) This publication provides Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues most commonly encountered under the unique growing conditions of the Southeast U.S. This publication is not intended to provide all details on organic blueberry production, although it does include the production m…

2015 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-9) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2015.

2015-2016 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-8) This research report includes the results of the 2015-2016 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at four loca…

2016 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-8) In this research report, the results of the 2016 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region, and at Blairsville in the Mountain region. Hybrids used for silage were evaluated at Tifton, Griffin, Calhoun, and Blairsvil…

2016 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-9) In 2016, Georgia’s plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $821 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,596 million, resulting in a 12.8% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the UGA Center for Agribusiness and Eco…

2016 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-10) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2016.

2017 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-10) 2017 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $936 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,634 million, resulting in a 14.1% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the 2017 Georgia Farm Gate Value Report (AR-18-01) pu…

2018 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-11) 2018 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $844 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,268 million, resulting in a 13.5% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the UGA Center for Agribusiness & Economic Developmen…

2019 Corn, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 101-11) This research report presents the results of the 2019 corn, sorghum and summer annual forage performance trials. Trials were conducted at seven locations throughout Georgia, depending on the crop. These included Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, Athens and Griffin in the Piedmont region, Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region, and Blairsville in the Mountain region. Hybrids…

2019 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-12) 2019 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $832 million. The value of the cropsused in this estimate was approximately $6.64 billion, resulting in a 13.3% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the UGA Center for Agribusiness & Economic Development,…

2019 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-1) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2019. Contributing authors include county and regional faculty as well as specialists from UGA's horticulture, plant pathology, crop and soil sciences, and entomology departments.

2019 Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114-1) This annual publication includes a report of 2018-19 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. The report contains the results of research awarded by the Vidalia Onion Commodity Commission in 2019.

2020 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-13) 2020 plant disease losses in Georgia, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $806 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6.712 billion, resulting in a 12.01% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the 2020 Georgia Farm Gate Value Report (…

2020 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide for Plasticulture Production (AP 119-1) This regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are subject t…

2020 UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program (AP 110-5) Variety selection is one of the biggest decisions and investments cotton growers make each year. In 2010, the UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists implemented the UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program to assist in this decision. In this annual publication, varieties were evaluated in 2020 across a wide range of environments in the cotton producing regions of Georgia in cooperation with county …

2020 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-2) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2020. Contributing authors include county and regional faculty as well as specialists from UGA's horticulture, plant pathology, crop and soil sciences, and entomology departments.

2020 Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114-2) This annual publication includes a report of 2019-20 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. The report contains the results of research awarded by the Vidalia Onion Commodity Commission.

2021 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-1) The 2021 cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the southeastern United States. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed management, insect management, disease and nematode management, irrigation decisions, precision ag technology, and general agronomics of the cotton crop (varieties, PGR applications, defoliation, etc.).

2021 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-14) 2021 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $889 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $7690 million, resulting in a 11.6% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. For most crops, the estimated values used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the UGA Center for Agribusiness & Economic Developmen…

2021 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-1) Integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are subject to change at any time.

2021 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-1) The 2021 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide covers topics such as pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicide and insecticide efficacy comparisons and spray schedules, weed management, wildlife damage, and more. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from…

2021 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-2) This publication provides Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues most commonly encountered under the unique growing conditions of the Southeast U.S. This publication is not intended to provide all details on organic blueberry production, although it does include the production m…

2021 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide for Plasticulture Production (AP 119-2) The 2021 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and…

2021 UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program (AP 110-6) Variety selection is one of the biggest decisions and investments cotton growers make each year. In 2010, the UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists implemented the UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program to assist in this decision. Varieties are evaluated across a wide range of environments in the cotton producing regions of Georgia in cooperation with county agents and industry partners. The imp…

2021 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-3) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2021. Contributing authors include county and regional faculty as well as specialists from UGA's horticulture, plant pathology, crop and soil sciences, and entomology departments. All research has been supported by the Georgia Vegetable Commodity Commission.

2022 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-2) The cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the southeastern United States. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed management, insect management, disease and nematode management, irrigation decisions, precision ag technology, and general agronomics of the cotton crop (varieties, PGR applications, defoliation, etc.).

2022 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-15) 2022 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $933 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $8200 million, resulting in a 11.4% relative disease loss across all crops included in this summary. The estimated values for most crops used to compute these disease losses are summarized in the UGA Center for Agribusiness & Economic Development…

2022 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-2) The 2022 edition of this publication covers integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are …

2022 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-2) The 2022 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide covers topics such as pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicide and insecticide efficacy comparisons and spray schedules, weed management, wildlife damage, and more. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from…

2022 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-1) This new regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are …

2022 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide For Plasticulture Production (AP 119-3) The 2022 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and…

2022 UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program (AP 110-7) Variety selection is one of the biggest decisions and investments cotton growers make each year. In 2010, the UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists implemented the UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program to assist in this decision. In this annual publication, varieties were evaluated in 2020 across a wide range of environments in the cotton producing regions of Georgia in cooperation with county …

2022 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-4) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2022. Contributing authors include county and regional faculty as well as specialists from UGA's horticulture, plant pathology, crop and soil sciences, and entomology departments. All research has been supported by the Georgia Commodity Commission for Vegeta…

2022 Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114-3) This is an annual report highlighting research conducted during 2021 and 2022 for Vidalia onions. Research topics include: variety trials, irrigation and fertilizer strategies, sulfur content in soils, effect of fertilizers on yield, thrips, factors affecting postharvest incidence of bacterial bulb rot, and Botrytis leaf blight.

2023 Ag Snapshots (AP 129-1) Ag Snapshots is a brief focus on Georgia's agricultural industry and are based on the Georgia Farm Gate Value Report from the previous year with helpful infographics and maps. Years prior to 2023 can be accessed on the Agribusiness and Economic Development publications site: https://caed.uga.edu/publications/georgia-agricultural-statistics.html

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2022–2023 Commercial Poultry Outlook (AP 130-1-09) Author: Dennis Brothers, Associate Extension Professor, Auburn University, Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology. 1. The domestic chicken market is strong with a good supply in the short- to midterm, though highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) continues to loom large in the United States and could be a major impact in 2023. 2. High building costs an increasing interest rates are obstacles…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Beef Cattle Outlook (AP 130-1-07) 1. Severe drought elevated cow slaughter in 2022. With fewer cows to slaughter in 2023, cattle prices are expected to increase. 2. China could become the largest export destination for U.S. beef in 2023. 3. As per capita beef consumption grows, there also will be a growing interest in plant-based alternatives.

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Outlook (AP 130-1-06) 1. The Russia-Ukraine war and Mexico’s plan to ban genetically modified corn from the United States will increase uncertainty regarding corn prices. 2. The United States and the world will continue to have a tight wheat supply in 2023, supporting higher than average wheat prices. 3. The low ending stocks of U.S. soybeans indicate the need for more soybeans. Ending stocks might improve in 2023, lea…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Cotton Outlook (AP 130-1-03) 1. Reduction in consumer demand for cotton related products will suppress cotton prices in 2023. 2. U.S. cotton acreage and production likely will decline in 2023 because of lower relative-price expectations with competing crops. 3. The cotton production profit margin likely will be lower in 2023 with high input costs and low cotton prices.

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Fruits and Tree Nuts Outlook (AP 130-1-04) 1. The three major U.S. peach-producing states experienced a significant fall in production which cumulatively reduced our 2022 production by 15%. Since it is difficult to predict whether the weather and water shortage that contributed to the decrease in production will persist, chances are that the situation may improve in 2023, but not by much. 2. The significantly high price received by…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Georgia Ag Forecast (AP 130-1) The entire publication is viewable using the "View PDF" button above. Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the University of Georgia conducts cutting-edge research on critical and emerging issues that are important to the agriculture industry. From t…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Pork Outlook (AP 130-1-08) 1. 2022 U.S. pork prices continue to increase because of the limited number of slaughter-ready pigs. 2. Good outlook for 2023 as feed prices likely decrease and export demand increases.

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Vegetables and Pulses Outlook (AP 130-1-05) 1. Although the total U.S. fresh vegetable and harvested area decreased by 7% in 2021 compared to 2020, the harvested area is expected to improve in 2023—but not enough to offset 2021. 2. Total vegetables and pulses imports were $18.6 billion in 2021, an increase of 10.2% compared to 2020. This import trend is expected in 2023 despite the supply chain disruption. 3. Production i…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Georgia Agritourism, Tourism and Travel 2023 (AP 130-1-13) 1. Visitor spending continues to increase in Georgia’s rural communities. 2. Total economic output for accommodations and food services in Georgia’s rural counties increased 26.7% in 2021 compared to 2020. 3. Visitations to state parks and outdoor recreation areas in rural communities increased 24% in 2021 compared to 2020.

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Green Industry 2023 (AP 130-1-12) 1. 2022 was a good year for many green industry firms, with many firms seeing increased profits. 2. There are many unknowns going into 2023 that will impact green industry sales, including higher inflation and interest rates, mixed signals within the economy, and the impact of varying strength of the housing market in Georgia. 3. Green industry sales in Georgia are projected to be similar to 2022 …

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Honey Bees 2023 (AP 130-1-10) 1. Honey production overall for 2022 was below average for the state. However, in some regions yields of two types of honey, northern wildflower and sourwood, were above average. 2. Colony losses for commercial operations were higher than 2021, with some reporting a 60%–70% loss, and backyard beekeepers in some cases experiencing losses above 80%. 3. Varroa destructor (parasitic mites) remains the…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Overall Georgia and U.S. Economic Outlook (AP 130-1-01) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the University of Georgia conducts cutting-edge research on critical and emerging issues that are important to the agriculture industry. From this research, UGA provides the best information and education availabl…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Peanut Situation and 2023 Outlook (AP 130-1-02) 1. Planted acres are expected to increase in 2023 in the United States and Georgia, a reversal of the 2-year decline in planted acres. 2. Georgia forward contract prices are expected to be down with an estimated season average price of $475 per ton (ranging $450–$500 per ton). 3. Peanut disappearance of the 2022–2023 crop is projected to remain strong at 3 million tons; this is supported by foreca…

2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Timber Situation and 2023 Outlook (AP 130-1-11) 1. Inflation remains a persistent challenge. 2. Housing activity is beginning to moderate. 3. U.S. South softwood lumber market share is increasing along with production capacity. Plentiful timber supplies and capital expenditures are positives. Authors of this section are Tyler Reeves and Amanda Lang, Forisk Consulting; and Joe Parsons and Yanshu Li, Harley Langdale Jr. Center for Forest Business…

2023 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-3) The 2023 edition of the cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the Southeastern U.S. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed management, insect management, disease and nematode management, irrigation decisions, precision ag technology, and general agronomics of the cotton crop (varieties, PGR applications, defoliation, etc.).

2023 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-3) The 2023 edition of this publication covers integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are …

2023 Southeast Regional Bunch Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 131-1) This is a new annual guide for managing diseases, insects, weeds, and wildlife in bunch grapes in the Southeast. This regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on th…

2023 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-3) This integrated pest management (IPM) guide for blackberry and raspberry production includes management of diseases, insects, and weeds through IPM principles. The 2023 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide covers topics such as pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicide and insecticide efficacy comparisons a…

2023 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-2) This 2023 update to the regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label,…

2023 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-3) This publication provides updated (2023) Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues most commonly encountered under the unique growing conditions of the Southeast U.S. This publication is not intended to provide all details on organic blueberry production, although it does include t…

2023 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide Focused on Plasticulture Production (AP 119-4) The 2023 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry plasticulture production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pestic…

2023 UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program (AP 110-8) In 2010, the UGA cotton agronomists implemented this variety testing program. Our industry partners were asked to provide their most well-suited varieties for Georgia. Historically, the varieties evaluated in this trial have accounted for nearly 75% of the planted acreage in Georgia in the same year. These varieties were planted in replicated trials in growers’ fields throughout cotton-producing r…

2023 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-5) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2023. Contributing authors include county and regional faculty as well as specialists from UGA's horticulture, plant pathology, crop and soil sciences, and entomology departments. All research has been supported by the Georgia Commodity Commission for Vegeta…

2024 Ag Snapshots (AP 129-2) Ag Snapshots is a brief focus on Georgia's agricultural industry and are based on the Georgia Farm Gate Value Report from the previous year with helpful infographics and maps. Years prior to 2023 can be accessed on the Agribusiness and Economic Development publications site: https://caed.uga.edu/publications/georgia-agricultural-statistics.html

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Beef Cattle Outlook (AP 130-2-08) 1. The beef cattle outlook is positive in 2024. Tight supplies and stable consumer demand are expected to push cattle prices higher in the year ahead. 2. Risks come from the demand side if U.S. consumers are uninterested or unable to pay for higher-priced beef. Additionally, input cost uncertainty may squeeze margins. 3. Overall, beef cattle prices are expected to move higher year-over-year throug…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Outlook (AP 130-2-06) 1. Tighter margins are expected in 2024 for corn, soybeans, and wheat as commodity prices are forecast to be lower and input prices are expected to be flat. 2. Growing demand for sustainable biodiesel fuels will slow soybean price declines relative to the decline in corn prices. 3. Expect more acres planted to soybeans and fewer acres planted to corn and wheat.

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Cotton Outlook (AP 130-2-04) 1. U.S. cotton acreage and production are likely to decline in 2024 because of lower relative price expectations with competing crops. 2. The cotton production profit margin is likely to be lower in 2024 with high input costs and low cotton prices.

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Dairy Outlook (AP 130-2-09) 1. The outlook for 2024 is an improvement over 2023 as feed costs should decline and milk prices remain at similar levels in 2024. 2. Risks remain as improved margins may spur a strong production response and demand growth is uncertain both domestically and overseas.

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Fruits and Tree Nuts Outlook (AP 130-2-10) 1. High prices for peach producers helped a strong producer price index in the 2022–2023 crop season. The PPI is expected to stay strong in 2024. 2. Favorable prices came from production shortages, caused by bad weather in Q1 of 2023 that devasted the Georgia and South Carolina peach industries. 3. Citrus experienced the lowest production recorded in 50 years, and growers now prefer fresh market c…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Georgia Ag Forecast (AP 130-2) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the University of Georgia conducts cutting-edge research on critical and emerging issues that are important to the agriculture industry. From this research, UGA provides the best information and education availabl…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Georgia Agriculture Outlook (AP 130-2-02) 1. Food and commodity prices are expected to return to prepandemic levels. 2. Coupled with increasing costs, the nation’s farm income is expected to decline by 17% between 2022 and 2023. 3. Georgia’s 2023 net farm income is likely to return to the 10-year average of about $3 billion. 4. Potential upsides for Georgia are the possibility of higher demand for poultry, cotton, and peanuts from domes…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Inputs and Production Expenditures Forecast (AP 130-2-03) 1. Farm input expenses continued to increase in 2023; when adjusted for inflation, they remained below 2014’s record highs. 2. Notable changes in 2023 included reductions in farm interest and fertilizer expenses. 3. Total production expenses are forecast to decline slightly with the largest changes in interest, fertilizer, and pesticide categories.

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Overall U.S. and Georgia Economic Outlook (AP 130-2-01) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the University of Georgia conducts cutting-edge research on critical and emerging issues that are important to the agriculture industry. From this research, UGA provides the best information and education availabl…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Poultry Outlook (AP 130-2-07) 1. The broiler chicken outlook in 2024 is neutral to positive; consumer demand should remain steady and feed costs should decrease. 2. Risks to the chicken outlook include significant HPAI outbreaks and expensive housing. 3. Baseline chicken prices are expected to be similar to 1-year-ago levels. Production uncertainty is the main driver of price uncertainty for 2024.

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Vegetables and Pulses Outlook (AP 130-2-11) 1. Total harvested area of vegetables and pulses decreased by 3.2% from 2021 to 2022, and fresh and processed vegetable area harvested decreased by 5.1%; the situation is expected to deteriorate in 2024. 2. 2022 total imports of vegetables and pulses were $18.7 billion, an increase of 11.1% compared to 2021; this import trend is expected to continue. 3. Per capita vegetable consumption may increa…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Agritourism, Hospitality, and Travel 2024 (AP 130-2-14) 1. Total number of trips among U.S. travel will grow 4.3% in 2024. 2. In 2023, pick-your-own farms and wineries/distilleries/breweries comprised almost 20% of the state’s agritourism attractions. 3. 2023 hotel demand will end with modest growth for rural and urban counties. 4. In 2022, total gross demand for accommodations in Georgia’s rural counties increased 24.7%; there was a 13.7% increase for…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Georgia’s Alcoholic Beverage Industry 2024 Outlook (AP 130-2-15) 1. All three alcoholic beverage sectors in Georgia experienced significant growth over the last 20 years and are poised to keep growing. 2. Breweries had the highest total demand in 2022 ($1.1 billion), followed closely by wineries ($970 million). Distilleries saw the highest average 5-year growth rate—6% YOY. 3. Sourcing local ingredients will continue to help beverage producers in the state diff…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Green Industry 2024 (AP 130-2-12) 1. 2023 was a good year for many green industry firms, but not as good as 2020–2022. 2. The unknowns going into 2024 include higher inflation and interest rates, mixed signals within the economy, increased input costs, and variability in the housing market. 3. Green industry sales in Georgia are projected to be lower than 2023 levels.

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Peanut 2024 Outlook (AP 130-2-05) 1. Peanut yields were down in 2023, but demand continues to remain strong and stocks remain steady. Prices are expected to hold strong. 2. The increased cost of production in recent years has remained elevated, with the Farm Bill safety net providing no support. 3. Contracting, controlling costs, and careful evaluation of crop insurance are primary risk-management strategies for producers. Forecas…

2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Timber Situation and 2024 Outlook (AP 130-2-13) 1. Demand for softwood lumber and structural panels is expected to improve as interest rates drop and single-family housing starts resume their long-term trajectory. 2. Increased softwood lumber mill capacity across the South adds upward pressure on pine sawtimber prices; however, the region’s oversupply of sawtimber trees on the stump is expected to exert strong downward pressure on prices. 3. …

2024 Georgia Corn Production Guide (AP 132-01) This is the Extension Corn Team's full production guide for recommended practices to plant and maintain a corn crop in Georgia. Topics include agronomic practices, growth and development, fertilization, irrigation, weed, insect and disease management, harvesting and drying, protecting stored corn, soil health, and economics/budgets.

2024 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-4) The 2024 edition of the cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the Southeastern U.S. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed management, insect management, disease and nematode management, irrigation decisions, precision ag technology, and general agronomics of the cotton crop (varieties, PGR applications, defoliation, etc.).

2024 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-4) The 2024 edition of this publication covers integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are …

2024 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-4) This integrated pest management (IPM) guide for blackberry and raspberry production includes management of diseases, insects, and weeds through IPM principles. The 2024 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide covers topics such as pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicides and insecticide efficacy comparisons …

2024 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-3) This 2024 update to the regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label,…

2024 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-4) This publication provides updated (2024) Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues most commonly encountered under the unique growing conditions of the Southeast U.S. This publication is not intended to provide all details on organic blueberry production, although it does include t…

2024 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide Focused on Plasticulture Production (AP 119-5) The 2024 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry plasticulture production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pestic…

2024 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-6) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2024. Contributing authors include county and regional faculty as well as specialists from UGA's horticulture, plant pathology, crop and soil sciences, and entomology departments. All research has been supported by the Georgia Commodity Commission for Vegeta…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Outlook (AP 130-3-09) 1. Tight margins are expected to continue in 2025 for corn, soybeans, and wheat with commodity prices likely near or below the breakeven cost of production. 2. Bountiful grain and oilseed production, combined with a strong U.S. dollar and uncertain trade policy, leads to expectations for lower prices in 2025. 3. Expect more acres planted to corn, fewer acres planted to soybeans, and wheat planting…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Cotton Outlook and Market Situation (AP 130-3-07) 1. Cotton prices are anticipated to stay low in 2025, driven by sluggish global economic growth, declining consumer demand, and rising trade uncertainty. 2. U.S. cotton acreage and production are likely to remain at current low levels in 2025 because of relatively weaker price expectations compared to competing crops. 3. Cotton production in 2025 is expected to face limited opportunities for profi…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Fruits and Tree Nuts Outlook (AP 130-3-10) 1. Blueberries will continue to lead the Georgia fruits and tree nuts industry in 2025 and subsequent years despite the damage from Hurricane Helene, which is expected to reduce production and yields. 2. The Georgia pecan industry will take several years to recover from the effects of Hurricane Helene, and this natural shortage will keep prices strong. 3. Overall, consumer and grower price index…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Georgia Ag Forecast (AP 130-3) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the University of Georgia conducts cutting-edge research on critical and emerging issues that are important to the agriculture industry. From this research, UGA provides the best information and education availabl…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Georgia Agriculture Outlook (AP 130-3-02) 1. Food price growth in 2025 is projected to align with inflation at around 2.5%, although prices for food consumed away from home are expected to remain higher than those for food consumed at home. Commodity prices are forecast to trend downward in the near term, with stability anticipated in the medium term. 2. According to the most recent USDA farm income forecast, declining crop prices are exp…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Georgia Beef Cattle Forecast (AP 130-3-05) 1. The 2025 outlook for the beef cattle sector is positive with low supplies meeting high demand to create elevated prices. 2. In the near term, the higher risk appears to be beef demand—because of likely high beef prices and ample animal protein competition in the year ahead. 3. Herd rebuilding indicators should be watched carefully as the cattle cycle may be approaching its next low in 2025.

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Georgia Broiler Industry Forecast (AP 130-3-04) 1. The outlook in 2025 for the Georgia broiler industry is one of cautious optimism. 2. The significant risk is market fundamentals—will production growth overshoot demand and cause prices to fall? 3. Other areas to watch include relatively low exports, animal protein price competitiveness, and potential grower-contract regulations.

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Georgia Dairy Forecast (AP 130-3-06) 1. The Georgia dairy forecast for 2025 is steady to positive. 2. Key uncertainties come from the balance of supply and demand and potential federal order reform. 3. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and export risks may also play a role in the year ahead.

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Inputs and Production Expenditures Forecast (AP 130-3-03) 1. U.S. farm production expenditures declined by a moderate 4.1% in 2024 compared to 2023, but remained elevated relative to recent decades, totaling $453.9 billion. 2. Forecasted U.S. farm production expenses for 2024 show increases in labor, livestock/poultry purchases, and property taxes/fees, along with reductions in feed purchases, fertilizer, pesticides, and fuel/oil. 3. In 2025, we expect r…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Overall U.S. and Georgia Economic Outlook (AP 130-3-01) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the University of Georgia conducts cutting-edge research on critical and emerging issues that are important to the agriculture industry. From this research, UGA provides the best information and education availabl…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2025 Vegetables and Pulses Outlook (AP 130-3-11) 1. The total harvested area of vegetables and pulses has been declining for the past 5 years, including a 25%–30% loss of Georgia’s fall vegetable crop because of Hurricane Helene, and the downward trend is expected to continue in 2025. 2. Total imports of vegetables and pulses were $20 billion in 2023, an increase of 7% compared to 2022. This increased import trend and value is expected to contin…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Agritourism, Hospitality, and Travel 2025 (AP 130-3-15) 1. Georgia's hospitality and tourism industry is the second-largest economic contributor to the state, closely tied to agriculture through the lodging and food sectors. 2. In 2023, Georgia's visitor spending reached $46.3 billion, contributing to a total economic impact of $79.7 billion, with distinct spending trends in rural and urban areas. 3. Rural: In 2023, June, March, and October showed the …

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Direct-to-Consumer Sales (AP 130-3-14) 1. We expect a growing importance of direct-to-consumer (DTC or D2C) sales in Georgia's agricultural economy. The share of farms involved in DTC sales over time will remain steady, and there will be an increase in DTC sales as a share of total farm sales. 2. The dominance of large-scale operations will drive sales value. 3. Farmers markets will gain traction, either in-person or online, supported …

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Georgia’s Alcoholic Beverage Industry 2025 Outlook (AP 130-3-16) 1. For Georgia breweries, the year was marked by slowed growth and heightened competition amongst craft brewers, with production volume continuing to decrease moving forward. Georgia distilleries also saw a sizable contraction in 2023, attributed primarily to an increase in out-of-state distilleries and new products entering the market—especially at competitive price points. Wineries were the only…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Georgia’s Food & Beverage Industry 2025 Outlook (AP 130-3-17) 1. Consumer spending on food away from home increased in 2023, both nationally and in Georgia, driving overall food spending growth and reflecting a national trend of continued consumer preference for dining away from home. 2. Georgia’s industry should continue to experience growth in full-service restaurants, limited-service restaurants, and all other food and drinking places. 3. Because of their…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Green Industry 2025 (AP 130-3-12) 1. 2024 was a good year for many green industry firms, though Hurricane Helene mitigated these positives for many growers. 2. There are many unknowns going into 2025 that will impact green industry sales, including higher inflation and interest rates, mixed signals within the economy, increased input costs, and the varying strength of the housing market in Georgia. 3. Green industry demand is expe…

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Peanut Situation and 2025 Outlook (AP 130-3-08) 1. Peanut-planted acres in the United States and Georgia are expected to remain steady at current levels in 2025. 2. Forward contract prices in Georgia are projected to decline, with an estimated seasonal price range of $475–$525 per ton. 3. Peanut profitability is anticipated to remain a significant challenge for producers in 2025.

2025 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Timber Situation and 2025 Outlook (AP 130-3-13) 1. Demand for softwood lumber and structural panels is expected to remain under pressure as single-family housing starts face challenges, including elevated mortgage rates, high house prices, and rising construction costs. 2. In southern Georgia counties impacted by Hurricane Helene, pulpwood prices are expected to stay low through most of 2025 as mills continue to process salvaged timber. 3. Aff…

2025 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-5) The 2025 edition of this publication covers integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label, and these are …

2025 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-5) This integrated pest management (IPM) guide for blackberry and raspberry production includes management of diseases, insects, and weeds through IPM principles. Topics include pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicides and insecticide efficacy comparisons, and spray schedules, weed management, wildlife damage, and more. Recomme…

2025 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-4) This 2025 update to the regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Extension field tests. This publication is intended for use only as a guide. Specific rates and application methods are on the pesticide label,…

A Beginner's Guide to Septic Systems (B 1421) Many buildings and homes have on-site wastewater management systems, commonly called septic systems. Because septic systems are buried, it is easy to forget about them as they quietly, elegantly and efficiently maintain human and environmental health. Septic systems are the norm in rural areas, but they can be quite common in urban areas as well. It is important to know if your building is on a se…

A Dozen Egg Abnormalities: How They Affect Egg Quality (C 1255) Egg production is the same for each hen whether a farm is producing on a small or large scale. There are a number of egg abnormalities that can occur, and some of these can impact egg quality and reduce the egg's grade based on USDA standards. Abnormalities may be a result of poor management, disease, nutritional deficiencies, or the age of the birds. This publication covers a dozen of the most co…

A Guide for Commercial Production of Vinca (B 1219) Vinca is a specialty ornamental crop with very distinct requirements. This bulletin will address those requirements and cover a typical production schedule and crop budget.

A Parent's Guide to the 'Nitty-Gritty' about Head Lice (C 851) This guide for parents explains what to do -- and what not to do -- when a child gets head lice.

A preliminary comparison between manual and mechanical pruning the muscadine juice cultivar 'Carlos' (B 1536) Results from this study are preliminary, as only 2 years of data have been collected. Research over longer periods of time will be more revealing about how mechanical pruning will impact the perennial crop yield and health of the vineyard. Mechanical pruning is an option for dormant pruning ‘Carlos’ in situations where labor is unreliable and/or there is a low labor-to-acreage ratio which preclude…

A School's Guide to the 'Nitty-Gritty' About Head Lice (C 850) This guide discusses how to prevent and treat head lice outbreaks in schools.

A Simplified Guide to Creating Nutrition Facts Labels (B 1459) Companies and individuals who process and sell food must provide a Nutrition Facts label (NFL) on their food products. However, the technical aspects of creating an NFL and meeting federal and state regulatory requirements have always challenged small and very small processors. The FDA mandates that most packaged food products bear an NFL to inform consumers of the nutritional value of the product…

Abiotic Injuries and Disorders of Turfgrasses in Georgia (B 1258) Turfgrass stands can be injured and damaged by biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) agents. Most abiotic diseases cause generalized symptoms such as wilting, yellowing, thinning and the development of smaller than normal grass blades, limited root growth or slow growth. Based solely on symptoms, however, determining whether the condition is caused by a biotic or an abiotic agent can be challen…

Acorn Toxicosis in Beef Cattle (C 1074) Autumn and winter are busy seasons for beef cattle producers, and many times grazing and cattle management are not as tightly regulated as in other times of the year. Many Southeastern cattle operations include pastureland that encompasses or borders oak timbers; most North American oak trees are considered toxic. Therefore, when cattle venture into timber land in search of grazing, there is an in…

Adoption of Mastitis Control Technologies in the Southeast to Reduce Mastitis and Improve Milk Quality (B 1433) Mastitis continues to be a major livestock disease afflicting the U.S. dairy industry. As the industry strives to improve milk quality to meet consumer as well as exportation demands, the legal limit for bulk tank sec will likely be reduced from 750,000/ml to 400,000/ml in the near future. It is estimated that between 10 and 20% of US dairy farms, mostly located in the Southeast, are currently at …

Africanized Honey Bees (B 1290) Honey bees are among the most well-known and economically important insects. They produce honey and beeswax, and pollinate many crops. In spite of the alarm surrounding Africanization, these bees have not caused widespread or permanent chaos. Dramatic stinging incidents do occur, but the quality of life for most people is unaffected. Typically, the commercial beekeeping industries of Africanized a…

Agricultural Safety: Preventing Injuries (B 1255) Most farm injuries and fatalities are preventable when you adhere to safe operating practices. The following are general guidelines for improved safety on the farm.

Alfalfa Management in Georgia (B 1350) Alfalfa is a high-yielding, perennial legume that is well-suited to hay, silage, or pasture production. Alfalfa is known as the “Queen of Forages” because it produces an excellent quality, high-protein forage. These properties make alfalfa one of the most widely-grown crops in the world.

Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Containers for the Nursery Industry (B 1407) Beginning in the 1970s, container nursery production acreage rapidly increased such that container nursery production is now the dominant method of nursery production. As a standard in the industry, plastic nursery containers are lightweight, durable, familiar to growers, work well with automation, and can be reused or recycled. However, they are limited in their ability to be sustainably eco-frie…

Alternatives to Synthetic Herbicides for Weed Management in Container Nurseries (B 1410) Weed management is one of the most critical and costly aspects for container nursery production. High irrigation and fertilization rates create a favorable environment for weed growth in addition to crop growth. Weeds can quickly out-compete the crop for light and other resources, reducing the rate and amount of crop growth as well as salability. Weed management in nursery production is most effec…

Amino Acid Content in Organic Soybean Meal for the Formulation of Organic Poultry Feed (C 1140) Amino acids are essential building blocks of proteins and are obtained from plant and animal products. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the chicken, while others (essential amino acids) must be supplied in the diet. In organic poultry production, the sources of these essential amino acids must be organic. This publication compares the amino acid content, digestibility, and availability of or…

An Analysis of Peanut Price Support Issues - 1996 (RB 425) In this report, analysis of data and results from previous studies are used to provide information concerning the peanut price support issue. This publication is provided for information purposes so that industry leaders may use it in their decision-making process.

An Introduction to Conservation Tillage for Vegetable Production (B 1539) Conservation tillage with agronomic crops (i.e., cotton, corn, soybeans, etc.) has been successful in Georgia production. Such production practices have several benefits, the most notable being the elimination of soil erosion. Other benefits include but aren't limited to increases in soil organic matter, maintaining a healthy rhizosphere (root-zone soil), reduction of riparian and waterway polluti…

An Introduction to Fiber Hemp Production in Georgia (C 1236) This publication is an introduction to growing industrial hemp for fiber production in Georgia. While not exhaustive, it outlines some of the major production challenges in growing this crop in the Southeastern U.S.

An Introduction to Hemp Chemistry and Lab Results (C 1209) With the passage of the 2018 U.S. Farm Bill, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was declassified as a Schedule I drug and is now legal (with restrictions) for production in the United States. Hemp and marijuana are both Cannabis sativa but are distinguished from each other based on the concentration of the psychoactive compound, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Industrial hemp is defined by law as a …

An Introduction to Organic High Tunnel Tomato Production in Georgia and Florida: Horticultural Tactics (B 1552) This publication is an introduction to high tunnel production that focuses on horticulture aspects of organic tomato production. Diseases and insect pests are not covered, but high tunnel construction, siting, shading, fertility, and irrigation of organic tomatoes are addressed.

Annual Bluegrass Control in Residential Turfgrass (B 1394) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a problematic winter annual weed in residential turf. Compared to most turfgrasses, annual bluegrass has a lighter green color, coarser leaf texture and produces unsightly seedheads. Contrary to its name, both annual (live for one season) and perennial (live for many seasons) biotypes of annual bluegrass may be found in turf. This publication describes methods of…

Annual Bluegrass Control Programs for Georgia Lawns (B 1463) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is the most problematic winter weed of lawns in Georgia. Plants have a light green color, coarse leaf texture, and produce unsightly seedheads. Annual bluegrass germinates in fall, overwinters in a vegetative state, and resumes active growth in spring. Competitive growth of populations causes stand thinning of desirable turfgrasses that may predispose lawns to invasion…

Annual Plant Diseases Clinic Summary - 2007 (SB 61) This report includes both physical samples submitted to the Plant Disease Clinics and results from analyses of digital samples submitted through the DDDI system in 2007.

Annual Ryegrass Control in Georgia Hayfields (C 1078) Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), also referred to as Italian ryegrass, is the most problematic winter annual weed in Georgia hayfields. Seed germinates from September to November when soil temperatures drop below 70 degrees F. Seedlings mature in the fall, overwinter in a vegetative state, and resume active growth in the spring. Annual ryegrass is a prolific seed producer that contributes to …

Antibiotic Therapy in Mastitis Control for Lactating and Dry Cows (B 1516) Antibiotic therapy continues to play an important role in the control of mastitis in dairy cows. Lactational therapy is effective against Streptococcus agalactiae but less successful against infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and other causes of mastitis. As a result, alternative treatment strategies have been developed, including a combination of both intramammary infusion and the parente…

Aphids on Flowering Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (C 1246) An introduction to and information on the biology, damage, and management of aphids in the ornamental landscape.

Application of Imaging Systems for Monitoring Poultry Well-being (C 1256) In commercial poultry houses, bird density and distribution in drinking, feeding, and resting zones are critical factors for evaluating flock productivity, bird health, and well-being. Proper distribution of chickens in the house greatly influences animal well-being and house environmental management. Currently, routine daily inspection of broiler flock distribution in commercial grow-out houses i…

Armyworms in Sod (C 1130) There is considerable confusion regarding the life cycle and timing of fall armyworm infestation in turfgrass. It is not unusual for fall armyworms to infest newly planted sod in a home landscape, especially during late summer to fall. When fall armyworm infestation is detected, sod producers are often blamed for selling fall armyworm-infested sod. The reality, however, is that not all fall armywo…

Athena: A New Training System for Bunch Wine Grapes (B 1527) The Athena bunch wine grape training system was developed by the University of Georgia to increase crop yield in modest-yielding cultivars. The Athena is a divided-canopy system retrofit to the industry standard single-canopy trellising system with vertical shoot positioning. Athena training involves laying four canes and dividing the canopy through a series of cross arms fastened to the vineyard …

Attracting Birds to Your Backyard (C 976) To attract and maintain a bird population, a habitat should provide (1) food, (2) shelter/nesting areas and (3) water. This publication describes several ways to attract birds to your backyard.

Avian Academy Module: Poultry Nutrition (B 1471) This module describes the role of energy in the body, how much energy is contained in our foods, and how to correctly identify the key nutrient classes that our bodies require from the foods we eat. All of these components are related to the general makeup of a commercial poultry diet. The module is designed to be one in a series of publications to supply relevant educational content related to th…

Azalea Bark Scale (C 1260) Azalea bark scale (ABS) poses a serious threat to azaleas, rhododendron, and Pieris (Andromedas) in Georgia. ABS is a soft scale insect; the nymph and female soft scales secrete a protective coating of waxy crust on their body that cannot be separated from the scale insect. ABS also is found on blueberry, hawthorn, huckleberry, poplar, and willow. ABS is found in cracks or crevices in the surface …

Bacterial Diseases of Onions in Georgia (B 1534) Bacterial diseases are among the major production and economic challenges that onion growers face in Georgia. There are six bacterial diseases that commonly affect onion foliage and bulbs in the state. These diseases are difficult to manage and rely mainly on cultural practices and the use of protective bactericides. Host resistance is limited with little information on pathogen biology and the in…

Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Blueberry (C 922) A new disease has been identified in the Georgia blueberry production region. This disease has been named “bacterial leaf scorch." This publication includes identification and control methods.

Bagworms in Urban Landscapes (C 1237) An introduction to bagworms, along with their biology, how they damage landscapes, and management options.

Baleage Production and Use (B 1532) Implementing a baleage system takes consideration and planning. Producers need to weigh the benefits, challenges, and costs to optimize their forage production and livestock feeding operations. Baleage does have additional costs associate with it—including a wrapper, plastic, and plastic disposal. It also takes different management strategies to store and feed baleage to prevent spoilage when comp…

Baleage: Frequently Asked Questions (B 1508) Baled silage, or “baleage,” is an excellent method for forage harvest, storage, and feed efficiency. Conserving forage as baleage enables harvests to be performed on a timely basis, allowing harvests to capture higher quality forage. This publication focuses on common questions about making and feeding baleage.

Basic Introduction to Broiler Housing Environmental Control (B 1264) Research on improving broiler housing is ongoing. Energy costs are becoming more significant to the grower's bottom line and housing construction, equipment and operation will be paramount in helping to make sure the houses are operated as efficiently as possible. As technology and equipment is redesigned and developed, researchers will continue to examine how broiler housing can be heated, cooled…

Basic Nutritional Guidelines for Equine Management (B 1356) Providing proper and adequate nutrition is a challenge all horse owners must face. Understanding your horse’s nutritional needs is important, not only to optimize performance, but also to ensure your horse’s safety. The following guidelines emphasize key points to keep in mind when determining how to meet your horse’s nutritional requirements.

Basic Principles of Pruning Woody Plants (B 949) Pruning is one of the most important cultural practices for maintaining woody plants, including ornamental trees and shrubs, fruits and nuts. Proper pruning requires a basic understanding of how plants respond to various pruning cuts. The principles and guidelines in this publication will help you master common pruning techniques.

Basics of Sausage Making: Formulation, Processing and Safety (B 1437) This bulletin is written to provide some of the basic information required to make various types of sausage. It is for those who enjoy good homemade sausage and who wish to obtain the greatest satisfaction from the trimmings and variety meats generated from farm slaughtered livestock or the results of a good hunt. The recipes listed in this publication collected from various sources and have been…

Be Aware of Your Indoor Air (C 2579) Did you know the air inside buildings is nearly always more polluted than outside air? Learn the types of indoor air pollution and what you can do. This publication was originally published by the LSU AgCenter and released for use in the state of Georgia by UGA Extension Housing & Environment Specialist Pamela Turner.

Beef Cattle Showmanship: Tips for Show-Ring Success (B 1554) The way exhibitors present cattle has changed tremendously in a century. Youth beef shows often have showmanship divisions that are very competitive. Being a showmanship division winner is a great achievement and worthy goal. New exhibitors should study and practice these basic skills for the best chance at success.

Beef Management Calendar (B 1161) This calendar contains a monthly listing of the common management practices needed for commercial beef herd production in Georgia. Some are recommended at a certain time of the year and others are recommended when calves are a certain age or at a certain point in their reproductive cycle.

Before You Invest (C 1110) Saving and investing are critical steps to achieving your financial goals. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they are quite different. Understanding the differences between saving and investing is the first step toward reaching your financial goals.

Beneficial Insects of Pecan Trees (C 1229) Accurately distinguishing insect pests from beneficial arthropods is a critical component in the implementation of an effective and sustainable pest management program. This circular provides a succinct and practical summary of natural enemies commonly found in pecan orchards in the Southeast U.S.

Beneficial Insects, Spiders, and Mites in the Southeast (C 1055) The purpose of this guide is to help users identify insects, spiders and mites that are beneficial to the garden. Such beneficials help manage pests that can damage plants. Tips to conserve and protect beneficials are also included.

Bermudagrass Control in Southern Lawns (B 1393) Although improved common (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and hybrid bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) have desirable qualities as turfgrasses for heat, drought and wear tolerance, bermudagrass is a problematic weed when grown in mixed stands with other turf species. Selective control of bermudagrass is difficult but often warranted in order to maintain acceptable quali…

Bermudagrass in Georgia (B 911) Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is an important warm-season, perennial, sod-forming forage grass in Georgia and throughout the Southeast. Bermudagrass is productive from spring until fall and is well-suited for grazing or hay production. Several varieties of bermudagrass are used in Georgia, ranging from common bermudagrass to the high-yielding, good quality hybrid bermudagrasses. The best variety to …

Best Management Practices for Storing and Applying Poultry Litter (B 1230) The nutrients and organic materials found in poultry litter/manure are extremely beneficial by-products, as evidenced by the fact that years of application have transformed north Georgia from a severely depleted landscape in the 1920s and 1930s to a productive and green one today. Over-application or improper storage of poultry litter, however, can cause nutrient contamination of the state's water…

Best Management Practices for Wood Ash as Agricultural Soil Amendment (B 1142) Ash has been considered a waste product instead of a resource, because few industries have taken advantage of its beneficial properties. Several alternative uses for wood ash have been developed. Land application is one of the best because nutrients taken from the land during harvest are recycled back to the land.

Best Management Practices in the Landscape (C 873) Research has shown that if you properly select, install and maintain ornamental plant, you greatly increase their survival and performance in the landscape. Following BMPs (Best Management Practices) not only conserve moisture in the landscape but will assure overall health and vigor of the ornamental plants.

Best Practices ATP and Protein Swabbing in Produce Packinghouses (C 1196) Many third-party audits, buyers, and standard operating procedures for produce packinghouses or other food facilities require regular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or protein swabs to verify the effectiveness of the cleaning and sanitation protocols. This video demonstrates how to collect ATP and protein swabs, how to interpret swab results, and provides advice to help determine an acceptable basel…

Best Practices for Growing, Harvesting, and Handling Produce in the Field and the Packinghouse (B 1515) Under the Food Safety Modernization Act's Produce Safety Rule, produce operations are mandated to provide training to their workers on the safe handling of produce in fields and in packing operations. Currently, there are few, if any, materials available for these operations to use. As we have conducted Produce Safety Alliance Grower Training across Georgia and throughout other areas, we have been…

Best Practices of Integrated Mosquito Management (C 1154) This circular provides a basic summary of the best management practices of integrated mosquito management. These practices begin with education and communication and progress through surveillance, source reduction, larviciding, and adulticiding. The circular presents guidelines that communities can use to help develop the most effective mosquito management program possible with the resources avail…

Best Practices: Animal Intrusion in Specialty Crops (C 1170) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXo-eSyP-8E

Best Practices: Postharvest Water Sample Collection (C 1192) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLt0IKlQH1o

Best Practices: Preharvest Water Sample Collection (C 1191) https://youtu.be/F-csM0EbFPM

Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: An Introduction to Biochar as a Container Substrate Component (C 1292-01) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Biochar has been proposed to be beneficial to the environment and plants. However, many people do not know what biochar is, what can biochar do, or how biochar can be used. In Part 1 of this publication, we provide introductory information on biochar used to partially replac…

Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: Biochar Properties and Making the Right Biochar Mix (C 1292-04) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Container substrates must fulfill several functions for plant growth: create a suitable environment for root growth, physically support them, hold nutrients and water, and enable gas exchange between the roots and the atmosphere. Suitable physical and chemical container subst…

Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: Effects on Plant Disease (C 1292-03) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. How does biochar play a role in a plant-disease system? Briefly, before the pathogen infects plants, biochar can improve plant growth by increasing water and nutrient uptake, a healthier plant may be more resistant to attack. On the other hand, after a pathogen infects the pl…

Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: Effects on Plant Growth (C 1292-02) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Is Biochar Good or Bad for Plant Growth? Mixing biochar into soilless substrates may have negative, zero, or positive effects on plant growth. Biochar made from green waste mixed with peat at 50% by volume has been shown to increase prayer plants' total biomass and leaf surf…

Biology and Management of Carpenter Ants (B 1225) Carpenter ants are so-called because of their habit of chewing wood to create nest sites. They do not eat wood, like termites, but they excavate it with their strong, saw-like jaws to create random galleries where they nest. Carpenter ants are also a nuisance because of their abundance and large size.

Biology and Management of Scale Insects in Ornamentals (C 1186) Scale insects are common pests of landscape trees and shrubs that are often overlooked when scouting. Scales can be responsible for chlorosis, branch die-back, and ultimately, plant death. Scales are broadly categorized as either soft scales or armored scales. Soft scales produce a soft, cottony, powdery, or waxy substance that cannot be separated from the scale body. Common soft scales in Georgia…

Biology and Management of Stubby-Root Nematodes on Onion (C 1211) Stubby-root nematodes, Paratrichodorus minor, are considered an important pest of onions in Georgia. Low to high population densities of this nematode were observed in multiple fields in the Vidalia area causing damage to sweet onions. The most obvious aboveground symptoms of stubby-root nematode nematode infection are poor, stunted growth of onion seedlings. Stubby-root nematodes have a wide host…

Biology and Management of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Ornamental Landscapes (C 1248) The brown marmorated stink bug is a landscape and agricultural pest in the United States. They seek dark and dry sites—such as a vehicle parked near trees—in the fall in which to overwinter. This pest is reported to feed on more than 170 plant species, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. This stink bug also is a nuisance pest as they aggregate and overwinter in man-made structures…

Biology and Management of Thrips Affecting the Production Nursery and Landscape (C 1158) Thrips are tiny, cigar-shaped insects belonging to the order Thysanoptera, whose name refers to the fringed wings of insects in this order. About 5000 species of thrips are known, and many cause damage to cultivated plants by feeding or vectoring plant diseases. Some thrips are predatory. It is usually difficult to identify thrips species. Although they are winged, thrips are generally weak fliers…

Biology of Subterranean Termites in the Eastern United States (B 1209) Subterranean termites are social insects that live in societies whose members are mostly mature individuals. Their colonies, which can contain thousands to millions of termites, are formidable, even though each individual termite is soft-bodied and delicate. This publication contains comprehensive information about subterranean termites in the Eastern U.S.

Biomapping: An Effective Tool for Pathogen Control During Poultry Processing (C 1200) U.S. poultry processors must meet regulatory requirements for Salmonella and Camplylobacter prevalence in all of the poultry products that they produce. Monitoring the efficacy of antimicrobial interventions (biomapping) during processing assists in meeting performance standards and improving microbiological quality of the products through better process control.

Biosecurity Basics for Poultry Growers (B 1306) Biosecurity refers to procedures used to prevent the introduction and spread of disease-causing organisms in poultry flocks. Because of the concentration in size and location of poultry flocks in current commercial production operations and the inherent disease risks associated with this type of production, it is imperative that poultry producers practice daily biosecurity measures.

Biosecurity for On-Farm Pathogen Control in Poultry (C 1195) Human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are two of the most commonly reported gastrointestinal infections worldwide and poultry meat has been identified as the main source of infection. Controlling pathogen colonies of public health concern such as Salmonella and Campylobacter in poultry flocks on the farm is critical for a successful overall food safety program. Biosecurity on the farm can con…

Bits 101 (B 1379) Bit selection is a critical area of consideration for riders of all disciplines and levels. For many horse enthusiasts, lack of knowledge about bit types and functions, as well as common misconceptions held in the horse industry, can make choosing an appropriate bit a difficult process.

Blackberry Harvesting and Postharvest Handling (C 1282) This circular covers basic postharvest harvesting, handling and cold storage principles for fresh-market blackberries to ensure the highest possible shelf-life and quality while minimizing postharvest losses. Blackberries are harvested in Georgia from mid-May to August. Most varieties grown in Georgia were developed by the University of Arkansas breeding program. The blackberry varieties cultivate…

Blanc du Bois (C 1274) ‘Blanc du Bois’ has made a significant contribution to wine production in southeastern regions where Pierce’s disease is prevalent. Though possessing resistance or tolerance to Pierce’s disease, Phylloxera, and powdery mildew, this cultivar is not without fault, and it does require an intensive integrated pest management (IPM) program. We cover here the major issues observed with this cultivar.

Blister Beetles in Georgia Alfalfa Hay (C 917) Blister beetles sometimes infest forage crops such as alfalfa, where they may become incorporated in hay. This publication discusses biology, cause of illness and management of blister beetles.

Blossom-End Rot and Calcium Nutrition of Pepper and Tomato (C 938) The purpose of this publication is to introduce the problem of blossom-end rot and provide a guide to effectively diagnose and treat this problem.

Blueberry Fruit Set, Development and Ripening (C 1294) This publication will inform growers about the factors that can affect blueberry fruit set, development, and ripening. As weather patterns are shifting, it is important to keep in mind that environmental factors influence plants’ physiological and developmental processes and understand how that translates into fruit quality each harvest season.

Blueberry Harvesting and Postharvest Handling (C 1269) This circular covers basic postharvest harvesting, handling and cold storage principles for fresh-market blueberries to ensure the highest possible shelf-life and quality while minimizing postharvest losses. Blueberries are harvested in Georgia from late April to late June. Southern highbush varieties are harvested early in the season while rabbiteyes ripen toward the end of the season. It is impo…

Blueberry Irrigation Water Quality (C 1105) This circular is a review of water quality standards, calculations, and recommendations for water that will be used for irrigation of blueberries.

Blueberry Pre-Establishment (C 1267) This publication covers the considerations producers need to have in mind when choosing a site to plant blueberry. It describes the soil characteristics that are needed to grow and produce blueberry, how to identify good soil, soil drainage, and how prior crops could affect blueberry productivity.

Blueberry Production (C 1278) This publication covers a brief history of the development of blueberries, plus general production requirements such as varieties, chill hours, soil considerations, etc. The southern highbush blueberry is a hybrid that requires fewer chill units compared to northern highbush types, allowing the state of Florida, southern areas, and Georgia to produce fruits in the U.S. market during March, April, …

Blueberry Production in South Georgia: Variety Preference and Major Constraints (C 1311) A grower survey was carried out in January 2023 during the annual blueberry update event held in Alma, Georgia. Survey responses were collected from 26 growers from eight Georgia counties. The results indicated the cultivar preference of south Georgia growers and major production constraints of blueberry production in southeast Georgia.

Body Condition Scoring Beef Cows (B 1308) Body condition scoring (BCS) is an easy and economical way to evaluate the body fat percentage of a cow. Cows can then be sorted and fed according to nutritional needs. Body condition scoring can be an effective tool for cattle producers who cannot weigh cattle, and it may be an even better measurement of cow condition and reproductive performance than weight. Most studies show that body condition…

Box Tree Moth: An Invasive Pest on Ornamentals in Nurseries and Landscapes (C 1319) Box tree moth is an invasive pest of boxwood plants. It was introduced into New York in 2021 and has been reported in six other states. It has not been reported in Georgia yet. Boxwoods are an important ornamental evergreen shrub in the southeastern U.S., widely planted in residential, commercial, and public landscapes in both urban and suburban areas.

Breathe Easy: Understanding and Controlling Asthma (C 1270) Asthma is a lung disease that affects millions of adults and children, and can be triggered by numerous indoor pollutants such as mold, cockroaches, dust mites, pet dander, and secondhand smoke. There is no cure for asthma, but it can be managed through medication and avoiding allergens that can trigger an attack.

Bristly Roseslugs: Biology and Management (C 1329) The bristly roseslug sawfly is a common species of roseslug in Georgia. The larval stages feed on rose leaves and cause extensive damage; it is particularly problematic on rose shrubs in ornamental landscapes. This publication tells you how to manage these pests in your gardens and landscapes.

Budding and Grafting of Pecan (B 1376) Individuals who propagate trees have their own personal preferences with regard to propagation methods. As with many practices related to pecan production, timing is important for successful propagation.

Building Baby's Brain Series: Buffering the Brain From Toxic Stress (C 1053-12) Children who live in unpredictable worlds, who do not have the opportunity to form a secure attachment with a caregiver, or who live in an unsafe physical environment live in a constant state of heightened stress. This severe, chronic stress can have profound and long-lasting negative effects on brain development. Buffering children from toxic stress and helping reduce that stress to more tolerabl…

Building Baby's Brain Series: Creating Consistency to Aid Brain Development in Babies (C 1053-11) The developing brain thrives on repetition. When a baby experiences the same things over and over, the pathways of connections in her brain become stronger and more complex. One of the best ways to provide repetition for the developing brain is to create consistency in the child's world. This publication explains the components of consistency and what you can do to create a positive and predictabl…

Building Baby's Brain Series: Is Breast Milk Best? (C 1053-07) Deciding how to feed your baby is one of the most important decisions expectant parents make during pregnancy. The first year of your baby's life is a time of rapid growth. By making sure your baby gets the nourishment he needs, he'll be able to develop to his fullest potential. This publication address questions you may have regarding breast- vs. bottle-feeding and what you can to do enhance your…

Building Baby's Brain Series: Nurturing Positive Relationships (C 1053-09) Over the first months of life, babies build relationships with the adults who care for them. These early attachment relationships matter. Babies who form warm, loving relationships feel secure exploring and learning. Babies who live in an unpredictable world tend to form insecure attachments. They learn that the world is unreliable and expect later relationships to be negative. Here's what you nee…

Building Baby's Brain Series: Prime Times for Learning (C 1053-02) Research in brain development shows there are certain windows of opportunity, known as sensitive periods, when certain parts of the brain develop most quickly. These windows are prime times for learning certain skills because the brain is ready to build networks of connections in response to what the five senses absorb. Here are some of those prime times, what to expect, and what you can do to imp…

Building Baby's Brain Series: The Basics of Your Baby's Brain Development (C 1053-01) From the moment a baby is born, every experience taken in by the five senses helps strengthen the connections that guide development. No two brains are alike! Each child's brain creates individual pathways of connections based on specific experiences. Here are some general tips you can use to help wire the brain for success.

Building Baby's Brain Series: The Importance of Play in Baby's Brain Development (C 1053-10) Play is one of the most essential activities babies do. Through play, babies and young children have the opportunity to experience new things and practice existing skills, which strengthens networks of brain connections. This publication explains what babies learn while playing and what you can do to help build brain connections through play.

Building Baby's Brain Series: The Role of Music in Brain Development (C 1053-06) Children who grow up listening to music develop strong music-related connections in the brain. Some of these music pathways actually affect the way we think. Listening to classical music seems to improve our spatial reasoning, at least for a short time. And learning to play an instrument may have an even longer effect on certain thinking skills. Here is some information on how music affects our br…

Building Baby's Brain Series: What Child Care Can Do to Support Brain Development (C 1053-04) Child care providers play an important role in nurturing children's healthy brain development. When it comes to supporting healthy brain development, the type of child care is less important than the quality of care a child receives. This publication will help you understand the components of quality child care and the effects of low-quality child care on brain development.

Building Baby's Brain Series: What Parents Can Do to Support Healthy Brain Development (C 1053-03) All parents want their children to be smart and successful. Researchers have found that a child's brain continues to develop long after birth. Parents can do many things to support their child's healthy brain development, beginning before birth and continuing until their child is an adult. This publication explains some of the things you can do to ensure healthy brain development for your child.

Building Baby's Brain Series: What to Eat When You're Expecting (C 1053-08) Your diet is important throughout your pregnancy. However, there are some special needs to consider during each trimester. You can help your baby get a healthy start in life by eating a variety of nutritious foods and making sure you gain enough wait. This publication explains what to eat for each trimester and offers insight on eating the right foods.

Building Radon Safe (C 1301) How Radon-Resistant New Construction can Make Homes Safer and Save Money. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that forms when uranium breaks down in soil, rock, and water. This naturally occurring radioactive gas is the leading cause of lung cancer in nonsmokers and the second leading cause of lung cancer overall. The Benefits of Building a Radon Resistant Home are that it reduces a fam…

Bull Buyer's Guide (C 553) Bull procurement decisions can greatly impact your future calf crops and herd genetics for many years. Selecting and buying a herd bull is the quickest way to make genetic improvement in your herd. The selection process must include looking for those traits that are economically important and highly heritable. Demand and buy bulls with total performance that will improve your herd. This publicatio…

Calculating the Fertilizer Value of Broiler Litter (C 933) This publication gives a procedure to calculate the value of broiler litter based on prevailing retail selling prices of commercial fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

Calf Health Basics (B 1500) Calf health is a key variable for calf growth and performance. Producers should not expect to know all calf health issues, causes, and the most successful treatments. Instead, a producer's main goal should be to accurately identify and differentiate normal from abnormal in a calf's physical state and behavior. The topics discussed in this publications are intended to help producers notice key area…

Calibration Method for Sprayers and Other Liquid Applicators (C 683) This publication discusses the proper calibration methods sprayers and other liquid applicators.

Calibration of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems for Wastewater Applications (B 1458) This publication was developed to provide farmers applying animal wastewater with step-by-step instructions to calibrate their center pivot irrigation systems. Within each step, the publication provides reasoning for that step and any equations to calculate the needed values. Along with instructions, the publication also provides a fillable table to collect data and charts to help determine applic…

Calibration of Dry Broadcast Fertilizer Applicators (C 798) Spinner-disc spreaders are commonly used for applying lime and fertilizer to agricultural fields. Uniform and accurate application of lime and fertilizer is essential. The performance failures of agricultural materials can be directly related to improper and uneven application, careless equipment operation, and the separation of blended material due to size and density differences. The uneven dist…

Calibration of Manure Spreaders (C 825) This publication primarily focuses on rear discharge, twin spinner spreaders common for poultry litter application in the southeast.

Cane Blight of Blackberry (C 894) Cane blight can be a major disease of blackberry in the Southeast, resulting in severe losses. The wet, humid conditions observed in Georgia and other southeastern states allow for significant losses following pruning or other injuries to the primocane.

Canola Production in Georgia (B 1331) Growing canola profitably takes planning and good management. All aspects of production from seed selection to harvest to marketing must be taken into account if the grower is to make a profit with this crop. Land preparation, fertility management, weed and other pest control, and timely harvest and marketing are all components of a good canola production package. Before you grow canola, dedicate …

Cantaloupe and Specialty Melons (B 1179) This publication was compiled to meet the needs of the growing cantaloupe industry in Georgia. Its 10 chapters represent the latest information available on successful cantaloupe and specialty melon production.

Care of Holiday and Gift Plants (C 951) Flowering and foliage plants can make welcome gifts. How long they remain attractive may be directly related to the care and handling they are given. This publication describes ways to properly care for holiday and gift plants to ensure maximum longevity.

Care of Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (B 1065) Most established ornamental plants in the landscape require care to stay healthy and attractive. Regular fertilization, pruning, watering, mulching and pest control are all part of a good landscape management program. This publication provides guidelines for the care of established ornamental plants in the landscape. Low-maintenance alternatives to traditional cultural practices are discussed thro…

Caring for the Older Horse: Common Problems and Solutions (B 1368) Horses have relatively long life spans compared to other livestock and companion animals, often living into their late 20s and early 30s. Many horses have productive careers into their 20s. In fact, in many disciplines, horses do not peak until their teenage years. Good nutrition, maintenance and veterinary care allow horses to lead longer and more productive lives. However, as horses age, their n…

Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation (C 1040) Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the total negative charges within the soil that adsorb plant nutrient cations such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+). As such, the CEC is a property of a soil that describes its capacity to supply nutrient cations to the soil solution for plant uptake.

Center Pivot Calibration for Wastewater: A Field Reference Guide (C 1084) This publication is intended to be used by those familiar with calibrating a center pivot system. The circular lists the steps, calculations, and charts needed to calibrate a center pivot irrigation system pumping wastewater, without explanations of the process itself. The PDF version contains worksheets and formulas. The step-by-step calibration procedure includes determining: the wetted diamete…

Centipedegrass Decline (C 1003) Centipedegrass is ideal for the homeowner who wants a lawn that needs little care. It can be established by either seed or vegetative parts and does not require much fertilizer. Compared to other lawn grasses, it is moderately resistant to insects and diseases. Although centipedegrass is a relatively low maintenance grass, proper management is still required.

Chainsaw Chains and Bars (C 1208) The action end of a chainsaw, or the part that cuts, is made of the bar and the chain. Chainsaw chains come in many sizes and configurations and not all saws can handle all bars. To make the right choices for the job, a saw operator should be aware of the cutter type, pitch, gauge, and cutter configuration when purchasing a chain or a chainsaw.

Chainsaw Safety and Tree Cleanup (C 1198) Many people help with tree cleanup after storms pass through. Some are citizen volunteers, and others are private and public sector workers who may or may not have experience with chainsaws. This presentation covers the information every chainsaw operator needs to know before turning on the saw. Topics include personal protective equipment, the five essential safety features of a chainsaw, safe ca…

Chainsaw Safety: Always Use Your Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (C 1148) Operating a chainsaw is inherently dangerous. Chainsaw cuts are always serious, but this is not the only hazard a saw operator faces. Saw operators are often struck by falling limbs and trunks as the tree moves during felling. Saw operators may fall off ladders or out of trees, or they may trip while moving through brush and uneven ground. Even when the tree is on the ground, danger lurks in wood …

Chainsaw Safety: Preventing Common Tree Felling Accidents (C 1243) Accidents are common when felling a tree with a chainsaw. Fortunately, most of them can be prevented. Tips for preventing kickback, barber chair, entanglement, setback, and stump jump are presented in this publication, along with techniques for safely releasing spring poles.

Chainsaw Safety: The Five Step Tree Felling Plan (C 1220) Felling trees is dangerous. Accidents abound when chainsaws and falling timber combine. The five step tree felling plan is a safe and effective way to take down a tree with a chainsaw. Rigorous application of this method will help the saw operator identify and mitigate hazards while dropping the tree as planned.

Chemical Nematicides for Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Georgia Vegetable Crops (B 1502) Soil fumigants alone or in combination with nonfumigant nematicides can provide vegetable growers effective and reliable control of plant-parasitic nematodes, profitable yield and product quality, and increased profits. Treating soil with fumigant nematicides has been very beneficial to vegetable growers in Georgia, but environmental concerns may restrict the broad usage of these products. Telone …

Chemigation in Georgia (B 1298) Chemigation is an inclusive term referring to the application of a chemical into or through an irrigation system. It includes the application of fertilizers, acids, chlorine and pesticides. Chemigation can save time, reduce labor requirements, and conserve energy and materials. Chemigation is beneficial, however, only to the extent that the irrigation system is adequately designed, fully functiona…

Childproofing Your Home: A Room-by-Room Safety Checklist (C 1049) Nearly 2.3 million children are accidentally injured every year and more than 2,500 are killed, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since one of the biggest threats to children is an injury occurring at home, it is important to take preventative steps to childproof your home. While this may seem like a daunting task at first, this checklist includes basic tips, broken…

Chilli Thrips: Biology and Management in the Nursery (C 1210) Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, is an invasive thrips species in the U.S. Currently, chilli thrips infest more than 150 crops worldwide, including strawberries, cotton, tea, citrus, and peppers, as well as many ornamental plants. The pest has become increasingly problematic in nurseries because of its wide host range, small size, and rapid reproduction and development. Chilli thrips quickly …

Choosing a Landscape Irrigation Contractor (C 1056) Selecting a qualified irrigation contractor is very important. There are many irrigation products available and the installation process requires skill, knowledge and equipment. This publication outlines general considerations for purchasers of a landscape irrigation system. It also underscores the importance of considering the cost of water when selecting a contractor and protecting desirable tre…

Citrus Fruit for Southern and Coastal Georgia (B 804) Citrus plants are very versatile around the home and may be used as individual specimens, hedges or container plants. Their natural beauty and ripe fruits make them attractive additions to the South Georgia home scene. Cold-hardy varieties that receive recommended care may grow successfully in the coastal and extreme southern areas of the state (and to a lesser degree in more northern locations).

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2013's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-1) This publication showcases the plants that were awarded the “Classic City Award” in 2013.

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2014's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-2) This publication showcases the plants that were awarded the “Classic City Award” in 2014.

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2015's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-3) This publication showcases the plants that were awarded the “Classic City Award” in 2015.

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2016's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-4) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia, showcasing the plants that were awarded the Classic City Award in 2016.

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2017's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-5) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia, showcasing the plants that were awarded Classic City Awards in 2017.

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2018's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-6) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia, showcasing the plants that were awarded Classic City Awards in 2018.

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2019's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-7) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia, showcasing the plants that were awarded Classic City Awards in 2019.

Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2020's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-8) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia, showcasing the plants that were awarded Classic City Awards in 2020.

Clean Labeling and the Real Food Movement (B 1476) "'Clean label' foods" generally refers to food products that are simple, natural, and minimally processed. Clean labeling is a food industry movement that caters to the consumer who wants food products to be as "real" and preservative-free as possible. Although "clean labeling" is becoming more ubiquitous among food companies, there is no formal definition for the term. It originates from consumer…

Cleaning Healthy, Cleaning Green (C 1114) People spend an average of 90 percent of their time indoors. Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) show levels of several common organic pollutants to be two to five times higher inside homes than outside. Many of these pollutants come from the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from household cleaning products. Indoor pollutants can be reduced by limiting the numb…

Clover Management in Pecan Orchards (B 1360) An orchard floor provides a working surface for orchard operations and influences activities in the trees, which produce the crop. An efficient orchard floor cover does not compete heavily with trees for moisture and nutrients and is compatible with orchard insect populations. While weed competition with tree roots is significant throughout the life of the tree, in a newly planted orchard, weed co…

CNMP Development Checklist for Dry Litter Poultry CAFOs (C 886) This publication outlines the information needed to develop a Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan (CNMP) for dry poultry litter operations.

Coexisting with Neighbors: A Poultry Farmer's Guide (B 1263) Conflict prevention measures can be both tangible and intangible in nature. Communication skills and disseminating information may be as important as minimizing odors or pests through improved management practices. The following are practices and suggestions that can help poultry farmers maintain or improve neighbor relations. Proper manure handling practices are foremost points to consider in avo…

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Cómo se siente estar lleno? (C 1037-12-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén llenos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Cuánta actividad física? (C 1037-22-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Cuánta Agua Debería Beber? (C 1037-02-SP) Beber agua y mantenerse hidratados es importante para mantener a su familia sana.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Qué Comer en el Desayuno? (C 1037-08-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a comenzar el día de manera sana.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Comer una Variedad de Alimentos es Sano (C 1037-04-SP) Para incentivar a su familia a mantenerse sana, coman una dieta variada.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Comer una Variedad de Alimentos Puede ser Divertido (C 1037-05-SP) Motive a su familia a mantenerse saludables comiendo una variedad de alimentos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Cómo Comer Sano Sin Gastar Mucho (C 1037-17-SP) Para incentivar a su familia a mantenerse sana, coman una dieta variada.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Consejos para Servir Porciones Más Pequeñas (C 1037-14-SP) Promueva hábitos alimenticios saludables motivando a su familia a dejar de comer cuando se sientan llenos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Desayune (C 1037-09-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a empezar el día de una manera saludable.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: El Agua Ayuda a los Niños a Tener Éxito (C 1037-03-SP) Beber agua y mantenerse hidratados es importante para mantener a su familia sana.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: El Desayuno es el Combustible para su Día (C 1037-06-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a comenzar el día de manera sana.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Es Importante Dejar de Comer Cuando Estamos Llenos (C 1037-11-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén lleno.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Hacer el Desayuno Puede ser Divertido (C 1037-10-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a empezar el día de una manera saludable.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: La Actividad Física Enseña Nuevas Habilidades (C 1037-20-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Los Beneficios de Mantenerse Físicamente Activo (C 1037-19-SP) Mantenga a su familia en forma motivándolos a estar físicamente activos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Motive a Su Hijo a Ser Activo (C 1037-23-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Por Qué es Importante Dejar de Comer Cuando Estamos Llenos (C 1037-15-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén lleno.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Sea un Modelo de Conductas Alimenticias Sanas (C 1037-18-SP) Para incentivar a su familia a mantenerse sana, coman una dieta variada.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Seguridad y Actividad Física (C 1037-21-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Tamaños Adecuados de las Porciones (C 1037-13-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén llenos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Tendencias Actuales de Actividad Física (C 1037-24-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Tomar Agua es Importante (C 1037-01-SP) Tomar agua y mantenerse hidratado es una parte importante para mantener a su familia saludable.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Un Desayuno Sano Alimenta el Cerebro (C 1037-07-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a comenzar el día de manera sana.

Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Una Variedad de Alimentos para Niños Quisquillosos o Exigentes (C 1037-16-SP) Motive a su familia a mantenerse saludable comiendo una variedad de alimentos.

Commercial Blueberry Inventory and Prospectus, Georgia, 2002 (RR 693) Both rabbiteye and highbush blueberries are produced in Georgia. The plants can produce a commercially viable crop for years. The long-term nature of the investment in the blueberry orchard calls for periodic updates on the situation of the blueberry industry. Information about the location of plants, varieties, plant age, and the use of cultural practices are important in decisions to alloc…

Commercial Freeze Protection for Fruits and Vegetables (B 1479) Freeze protection efforts should be based on the type of freeze, temperature, and wind speed that is impacting your crop. To apply frost protection, consider your crop value, the freeze protection capacity of your system, and the crop's susceptibility to injury at each growth stage.

Commercial Okra Production (C 627) Okra is grown in every county in Georgia. Okra can be a profitable crop when recommended production practices are followed.

Commercial Pecan Spray Guide (B 841) This publication provides guidance for insect, disease, and weed control in commercial pecan orchards for 2025.

Commercial Production and Management of Cabbage and Leafy Greens (B 1181) The 11 topics covered in this publication are all integral parts of a successful cabbage/leafy greens management program. Each topic focuses on a particular aspect of production and provides information on the latest management technology for that phase of production. It is hoped that the information contained in this publication will assist growers in improving profitability.

Commercial Production and Management of Carrots (B 1175) The 13 topics covered in this publication are all integral parts of a successful carrot management program. Each topic is designed to focus on a particular aspect of production and provide the latest management technology for that phase of production. It is hoped that the information contained in this publication will assist growers in improving profitability in carrot production.

Commercial Production and Management of Pumpkins and Gourds (B 1180) The seven topics covered in this publication are all integral parts of a successful pumpkin/gourd management program. Each topic is designed to focus on a particular aspect of production and provide the latest management technology for that phase of production. It is hoped that the information contained in this publication will assist growers in improving profitability.

Commercial Production of Vegetable Transplants (B 1144) Producing greenhouse-grown containerized transplants is an increasingly popular way to establish vegetable crops. Compared to field-grown transplants, greenhouse transplants have several advantages. They can be produced earlier and more uniformly than field-grown plants. Their growth can be controlled more easily through fertility and water management and they can be held longer and harvested when…

Commercial Snap Bean Production in Georgia (B 1369) This is an in-depth publication covering Culture and Varieties, Soils and Fertility, Irrigation, Sprayers, Diseases, Insect Management, Weed Control, Food Safety and Sanitation, Harvest/Post-Harvest and Waste Management, Marketing, Production Costs, and Organic Production of commercial snap bean production in Georgia.

Commercial Southern Pea Production (C 485) This horticulture publication is about the commercial production of southern peas.

Commercial Squash Production (C 527) Squash (Cucurbita spp.) is a member of the cucurbit family, which consists of a number of warm-season vegetables. Another broad group of squash called winter squash. Each group is classified into several types based on fruit shape and color. Warm-season squash are harvested while immature while winter squash are harvested at maturity.

Commercial Tomato Production Handbook (B 1312) This publication is a joint effort of the seven disciplines that comprise the Georgia Vegetable Team. It is comprised of 14 topics on tomato, including history of tomato production, cultural practices, pest management, harvesting, handling and marketing. This publication provides information that will assist producers in improving the profitability of tomato production, whether they are new or exp…

Commercial Watermelon Production (B 996) Watermelon is a warm-season crop related to cantaloupe, squash, cucumber and pumpkin. Watermelons can be grown on any well-drained soil throughout Georgia but are particularly well adapted to the Coastal Plain soils of South Georgia. Watermelons will continue to be an important part of vegetable production in the state. Increases in average yield per acre will continue as more growers adopt plasti…

Commodity Options as Price Insurance for Cattlemen (B 1405) One of the greatest risks cattle producers face is price risk. Price changes can come in the form of declining cattle prices for sellers, increasing cattle prices for buyers or increasing feed prices for feed users. Because of this risk, producers might want to “insure” feeder cattle, fed cattle or feed against unfavorable price movements, while still being able to take advantage of favorable pric…

Common Agricultural Calculations Using Unit Conversions (C 1313) Use this publication to calculate planting densities, fertilizer application rates, sprayer calibration, and soil amendment applications using unit conversions. We demonstrate the “raw math” behind common calculations to provide you with the tools for solving any equation using simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. No longer will you be dependent on having production guides, …

Common Hover Flies of Georgia: An Introductory Guide (B 1565) With over 6,000 species world-wide and 812 in the United States and Canada, hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae), also known as flower flies or syrphid flies, are a highly diverse, common, and charismatic family of insects which provide a broad diversity of ecosystem services including pollination, biological control, and decomposition that benefit humans. Despite this, these insects are largely unnot…

Common Labels and Certifications Used to Market Sustainable Agriculture Products (C 1129) Label terms and certifications can be divided into those that are regulated and those that are unregulated. Regulated label terms and certifications are usually defined by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) or the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Within the USDA, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is the agency responsible for the truthful labeling of meat and poultry…

Common Landscape Diseases in Georgia (B 1238) This publication describes some of the most troublesome diseases of Georgia's landscape plants. The following material will help you identify these diseases and offers recommendations for treatment. Knowledge about the common diseases of Georgia landscape plants will allow professional and amateur growers alike to better fight plant diseases and produce healthy plants.

Common Terms Used in Animal Feeding and Nutrition (B 1367) The purpose of this publication is to serve as an educational reference and resource to those who are interested in animal feeding and nutrition. Our primary objective is to list the common terms used when discussing animal feeding. This listing will also be helpful when reading articles on animal feeding and nutrition, feed analysis reports or tags associated with feeds sold in the market.

Common Tomato Diseases in Georgia (B 1285) This publication contains information about common tomato diseases in Georgia. It includes photographs and descriptions of diseases such as buckeye rot and fusarium wilt.

Community and School Gardens Series: Extending the Crop Season: Unheated Spaces (C 1027-14) This publication describes common myths about cold protection and provides options for protecting plants from the cold in community and school gardens, including cold frames, row covers and hoop houses.

Community and School Gardens Series: Garden Fencing (C 1027-9) This publication describes options for fencing a community or school garden, including fence types and materials.

Community and School Gardens Series: Garden Sheds (C 1027-7) This publication provides information about storage sheds for community and school gardens, including local building codes, siting a shed, and alternatives to traditional sheds.

Community and School Gardens Series: Growing Fruits (C 1027-10) Community gardens designed to provide locally grown food for families can be used to grow fruits in addition to the more commonly grown vegetables. There are many common and lesser-known fruits that are suited for planting in community garden situations.

Community and School Gardens Series: Irrigation (C 1027-12) This publication describes irrigation methods suitable for community or school gardens, including overhead sprinklers, hand watering and drip irrigation.

Community and School Gardens Series: Less Expensive Sources of Plant Material, Amendments and Tools (C 1027-6) This publication offers advice on finding less expensive sources of plant material, amendments and tools for community and school gardens.

Community and School Gardens Series: Planning an Edible Garden (C 1027-1) This publication describes three steps for planning a school garden: garden location, soil and terrain, and choosing crops.

Community and School Gardens Series: Raised Bed Materials (C 1027-5) This publication describes the advantages and disadvantages of various materials used for building raised beds, including types of wood, composite materials, recycled materials, and kits.

Community and School Gardens Series: Raised Beds vs. In-Ground Gardens (C 1027-3) This publication describes the advantages and disadvantages of raised bed and in-ground gardens and may be used as a guide when planning a community or school garden project.

Community and School Gardens Series: Raised Garden Bed Dimensions (C 1027-4) This publication helps determine the ideal dimensions of raised beds for community and school gardens by focusing on three things: materials, slope and accessibility.

Community and School Gardens Series: Siting a Garden (C 1027-2) This publication provides recommendations for properly siting a school or community garden, taking into account sunlight exposure, water availability, slope, garden access, tool storage, compost bins and other amenities.

Community and School Gardens Series: Sources of Water for the Garden (C 1027-11) This publication discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various sources of water for a community or school garden, including municipal water, rivers or creeks, ponds, wells and rainwater.

Community and School Gardens Series: Stocking the Toolshed: Hand Tools (C 1027-8) This publication describes the types and quantities of hand tools that work best for community and school gardens, including shovels, rakes, trowels, hand pruners, gloves, children's tools, and carts and wheelbarrows.

Community and School Gardens Series: Weed Control (C 1027-13) This publication describes weed control methods that are appropriate for community and school gardens.

Composting 101: How to Effectively Operate a Poultry Mortality Compost Bin (EB 103) Bin composting daily mortality can be a useful, cost-effective management tool when practiced correctly. However, it can be environmentally harmful if it is not managed and monitored properly. This publication shows the necessary steps to obtain a compost product from daily poultry mortality using a bin composting method.

Composting and Mulching (C 816) This publication explains how to build, maintain a compost pile as well as how to use compost and mulch in the yard and garden.

Composting Mass Poultry Mortalities (B 1282) Composting is a natural process where beneficial microorganisms decompose and transform organic materials into a useful and biologically stable end-product that is safe for the environment. This process has worked well for many poultry producers nationwide as a means of processing their daily poultry mortality.

Composting: Recycling Landscape Trimmings (C 981) Citizens throughout Georgia are recycling newspaper, cans, glass and plastic in an effort to divert these materials from the waste stream. Another important part of waste reduction involves recycling leaves, lawn clippings, and tree and shrub trimmings instead of placing them curbside for the county or municipality to pick up. These landscape riches from Mother Nature can be easily recycled and tu…

Conservation and Best Management Practices in Georgia: Implementing, Funding and Assistance (B 1335) Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be described as management and/or structural practices that are designed to reduce pollutants and erosion while increasing the quality of all life. The BMP concept deals specifically with nonpoint source pollution, such as runoff from agricultural fields, forest areas or urban areas. Best management practices are also voluntary in nature. Individual practices a…

Conserving Water in the Vegetable Garden (C 964) All vegetables, especially tomatoes, like an even supply of water throughout the growing season, and will often develop problems if their water supply fluctuates. If watering restrictions or bans are imposed, water conservation becomes a critical issue.

Considerations for County Planners: Components of Zoning Ordinances Relative to Poultry (C 1071) Poultry farming is the number one agricultural enterprise in Georgia. It is important to protect this vital industry by developing prudently-devised and factually-based zoning ordinances. This publication discusses components and terminology when drafting ordinances related to poultry production.

Considerations for the Small Market Vegetable Producer (C 1090) Growing vegetables as either a part-time or full-time enterprise can be an enjoyable and rewarding experience. Not only can you produce fresh food for your own table, you can provide supplemental income to your family’s budget. While that may sound great, there are several considerations to bear in mind before you jump into this endeavor. Items to consider before becoming a small market grower inc…

Considerations for Using By-Product Feeds (B 862) By-product feeds come from a variety of sources, including grain processing, production of human foods and beverages, and manufacturing of fiber products. Although many of these feeds have been used for years, others are relatively new. Research has been conducted on most by-product feeds and the guidelines for their use are well documented; however, limited information is available on the feeding…

Constructing a Passive Solar Greenhouse for Season Extension (B 1566) This publication describes how a passive solar greenhouse was constructed using an earthen wall and water barrels for heat retention. The benefits and potential pitfalls of such a structure are discussed. Additional authors include Alexandra Williams, Syngenta, U.S.A, and Krista Jacobsen, Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky.

Consumer Demand for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in the U.S. (1960-1993) (RB 431) Price and expenditure elasticities at the retail level between 1960 and 1993 were estimated for 11 fresh fruits and 10 fresh vegetables by employing a composite demand system approach and using annual data. Most fresh fruits and vegetables were found to respond significantly to changes in their own prices but insignificantly to changes in expenditures. The study partially incorporated the interdep…

Consumer Horticulture Series: Connecting People and Plants (C 1202) Consumer horticulture touches all our lives, whether in a bustling downtown area, the open countryside, or anywhere in between. Consumer horticulture supports human health, community beautification, environmental stewardship, local food, and more. Consumer horticulture benefits us when we tend a container garden, visit and play in a park or public garden, and grow plants indoors or outdoors.

Consumer Horticulture Series: Consumer Horticulture Benefits for Individuals and Families (C 1203) The plants and gardens that we tend matter for our personal health. They can enhance our homes, making them a haven for rest and well-being. They provide much-needed exercise, nutrition, and diversion while also providing the space to make important community connections.

Consumer Horticulture Series: Consumer Horticulture Benefits our Environment (C 1215) Consumer horticulture is the cultivation, use, and enjoyment of plants, gardens, landscapes, and related horticultural items to the benefit of individuals, communities, and the environment. These activities rely on the understanding and application of the art and science of horticulture. This publication focuses on what consumer horticulture provides for the environment.

Control of Common Pests of Landscape Plants (B 1074) Many species of insects or mites attack Georgia landscape plants. Homeowners have difficulty controlling these pests because they often are not aware of the problem until both the infestation and the damage are extensive, or they may apply insecticides improperly or at the wrong time. Brief descriptions of major groups of pests (or the damage they cause) found on Georgia landscape plants are provi…

Control of Lace Bugs on Ornamental Plants (B 1102) Lace bug damage to the foliage of trees and shrubs detracts greatly from the plants' beauty, reduces the plants' ability to produce food, reduces the plants' vigor ad causes the plant to be more susceptible to damage by other insects, diseases or unfavorable weather conditions. Repeated, heavy infestations of lace bugs may be the primary cause of plant death.

Control of Mastitis and Milk Quality in Dairy Goats through Immunization (B 1446) Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goats ranges between 5% and 30%, with Staphylococcus spp., otherwise known as the coagulase-negative staphylococci, identified as the most frequent cause of infection. These staphylococci produce persistent subclinical mastitis with markedly elevated somatic cell counts (SCC), which may lead to clinical symptoms. Prevention is the key to controlling staphylococcal …

Controlling Crabgrass and Goosegrass with Resistance to Sethoxydim and other ACCase-Inhibitors in Georgia Turf (B 1462) Sethoxydim has been widely used for grassy weed control in centipedegrass lawns, roadsides, and sod farms. Decades of exclusive sethoxydim use in Georgia have led to the emergence of ACCase-resistant goosegrass and southern crabgrass in turf. This publication covers the development, detection, and control of ACCase-resistance crabgrass and goosegrass for professional turfgrass managers.

Controlling Insects on Summer Squash in the Home Garden (C 1177) Summer squash is one of the most popular warm season vegetables grown in home gardens. Unfortunately, the levels of insect attacks on summer squash have risen dramatically over the last 10 years. Safe and effective controls are needed to help produce this important crop with all of the pressures of insect pests. This publication will discuss both organic and non-organic solutions for homeowners to…

Controlling Lace Bugs on Ornamental Grasses (C 1143) The grass lace bug, Leptodictya plana Heidemann (Hemiptera: Tingidae), has been recently reported as a pest of ornamental grasses in Georgia. It is closely related to, and resembles, the sugarcane lace bug, L. tabida (Herrich-Schaeffer). The lace bug thrives in warm, dry conditions, and the recent drought in the Southeastern U.S. may have contributed to the grass lace bug’s recent emergence as a s…

Controlling Moss and Algae in Turf (C 823) Occasionally, turfgrass areas begin to thin out and moss and algae start to form. These primitive plants develop because conditions for growing dense, healthy turf have declined. This publication gives you preventive practices and chemical suppression tips for controlling moss and algae in turf.

Conversion Tables, Formulas and Suggested Guidelines for Horticultural Use (B 931) Pesticide and fertilizer recommendations are often made on a pounds per acre and tons per acre basis. While these may be applicable to field production of many crops, orchardists, nurserymen and greenhouse operators often must convert these recommendations to smaller areas, such as row feet, square feet, or even per tree or per pot. Thus pints, cups, ounces, tablespoons and teaspoons are the commo…

Corn Production Safety and Health for Farmers (B 1333) This publication addresses safety issues inherent to corn production before and during a corn production season. We have divided safety issues into General Health and Safety, Corn Harvest, Corn Grain Bin, and Augers. Safety tips are presented that should be reviewed by anyone involved with corn production on the farm.

Cost of Irrigation Ownership and Operating Costs through Irrigation Budgets for South Georgia (C 1235) These irrigation budgets, developed by University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, are estimates of the irrigation costs of a center pivot irrigation system located in southeast Georgia. Our intention is to provide flexible, user-friendly irrigation budgets with default values. That being said, the variation among different farm conditions can impact investment costs and annual costs associated w…

Cotton Defoliation in Georgia (C 1281) Cotton defoliation is a complex production decision with many chemical options to consider. Harvest aids are utilized to prepare the crop for machine harvest, and timely defoliation and harvest of cotton can reduce weathering losses (yield and quality) and decrease trash in the lint. A basic knowledge of crop development and maturity as well as an understanding of the physiological effects of harv…

Cotton Growth Monitoring and PGR Management (C 1244) Cotton growth monitoring is vital to producing a healthy crop, making sure that the crop is growing on track, and that there are minimal stresses on the crop. Growth monitoring also can assist in making plant growth regulator (PGR) applications. PGR applications are complex, and many factors play into the decision of when to use them and at what rates. The goal of this publication is to discuss th…

Cotton Production and the Boll Weevil in Georgia: History, Cost of Control, and Benefits of Eradication (RB 428) The success of the Southeast Boll Weevil Eradication Program has played a major role in the recent revival of Georgia’s cotton industry. Along with these economic benefits, the remarkable success of the eradication program has led to a significant decrease in insecticide use in Georgia cotton, and to substantial environmental benefits to growers and residents of the state.

Country Cured Ham (B 1526) Country cured hams are considered a delicacy and are widely accepted by Georgians. Our forefathers cured country hams during the winter months in order to have a summer supply of meat. Country hams, properly cured, develop a distinct flavor during aging. Modern methods of curing and aging country hams are somewhat different from the methods used 50 to 100 years ago. The loss of meat due to spoilag…

Cover Crop Biomass Sampling (C 1077) Cover crops are one of the most important practices that farmers can use to improve their soils and the sustainability of their production system. Knowing how much biomass there is in a field is a critical piece of information for cover crop management. Part 1 of this circular provides a step-by-step guide to taking a sample that will be representative of your field. Part 2 provides additional ste…

Cow Behavior: A Critical Factor to Consider Under Heat Stress (B 1442) Cow behavior is critical for animal well-being and performance and influenced by many factors, such as heat stress. Under thermo-neutral conditions, cows spend half a day lying down and the rest of the time is distributed into standing, feeding and milking. However, when cows are exposed to heat stress, they spend less time lying down but more time standing up. The altered cattle behavior by heat …

Cowpea Curculio in Southern Pea (C 1038) This publication describes ways to identify and manage cowpea curculio damage in Southern pea.

Crape Myrtle Bark Scale: An Emerging Invasive Pest in the Nursery and Landscape (C 1234) The crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) is an emerging threat to crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.) in Georgia. As the name indicates, this scale pest attacks the bark of crape myrtle, the only known scale insect that infests crape myrtle bark. A native of Asia, CMBS was first confirmed in Dallas, Texas, in 2004. Since then, the pest has gradually expanded its range to the southeastern states. In Georgi…

Crape Myrtle Culture (C 944) Crape myrtle is one of the most useful flowering shrubs/trees grown in Georgia. It provides abundant summer color with a minimum of maintenance.

Creating Pollinator Nesting Boxes to Help Native Bees (C 1125) Planting pollinator-friendly flowers in your yard is a great first step for improving the quality of pollinator habitats. Adding nesting sites and nesting materials is another important measure in creating sustainable habitats, especially for native bees. When bees have access to a diversity of nesting materials, their numbers are positively affected, so providing nesting resources in your landsca…

Creep Feeding Beef Calves (B 1315) Creep feeding is the practice of providing supplemental feed (grain or forage) to nursing calves. This is usually done with the use of a creep gate, which is large enough for calves to enter the feeding area but too small to allow cows to pass. Creep feeding systems vary from grain-based energy supplements to limit-fed protein supplements to creep grazing. Each system generally produces increased …

Crop Profile for Cowpeas in Georgia (B 1480) Georgia ranks in the nation's top 10 in cowpea (southern pea, Vigna unguiculata) production, with estimates of more than 4,900 acres grown in approximately 49 of 159 counties in the state in the 2014 production season. Colquitt County, located in southwest Georgia, leads the state in production with 1,900 acres. This cowpea crop profile is the first in the Southeast United States and will support …

Cross-Commodity Management of Silverleaf Whitefly in Georgia (C 1141) Silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) is a major pest of agriculture in Georgia requiring management in vegetable and agronomic cropping systems to preserve yield and quality. Our greatest opportunity for impacting the severity of SLWF infestations is to minimize overall SLWF populations moving from one cropping system to the next. This can be accomplished with effective in crop management and timely termina…

Cultural Management of Commercial Pecan Orchards (B 1304) In order for a commercial pecan operation to be consistently successful, the goal of the operation should be annual production of a moderate crop of high quality nuts, rather than the production of a high yield in a single given year. Culturally, there are several basic factors that will help to promote optimum profitability with a commercial pecan orchard.

Cutting Costs, Not Corners: Managing Cattle in Tough Times (B 1373) Cutting costs allows producers to survive during trying times and also teaches valuable lessons that may actually increase profits in future years. Cutting corners, on the other hand, may save some money in the short-run but ultimately will have very detrimental effects.

Dahlias (C 576) Dahlias are among the most spectacular flowers you can grow in your garden. Hundreds of varieties are available, with flower sizes ranging from 1 to 14 inches in diameter. Almost any color except true blue can be produced in Georgia. In exchange for their beauty, dahlias require dedicated care. Most of them need special soil preparation, staking, watering during dry periods, disbudding and a stric…

Dairy Business Analysis Project: 1999 Summary for Florida and Georgia Dairies (B 1205-1) The Dairy Business Analysis Project was initiated in 1996 to measure and document the financial performance of Florida dairy businesses using standardized accounting measures, so uniform comparisons could be made among participants. Formal collaboration between the Universities of Florida and Georgia began in 1998. This publication presents the results from fiscal year 1999 information.

Dairy Business Analysis Project: 2005 Summary for Florida and Georgia Dairies (B 1205-2) Financial data for the year 2005 were collected from participating dairy farms and screened for completeness and validity. Each dairy farm then received a benchmark report detailing its financial results compared to the average results for the other participants and the six dairy farms with the highest net farm income per cwt. This benchmark report is discussed with the dairy farms to identify cha…

Dairy Genetic Benchmarks (B 1203) This publication provides genetic benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Examples for using and applying benchmark values are provided; however, this publication should be viewed primarily as a comprehensive resource of genetic benchmark values. These values will be useful to dairy producers, dairy managers, consultants, veterinarians and agribusiness represen…

Dairy Herd Synchronization Programs (B 1227) This publication describes dairy herd synchronization programs will help improve your reproductive management efficiency. Try the one that fits your management system the best. Both estrus and ovulation synchronization programs will help get more animals bred more efficiently. Feeding open animals extra days can be costly to producers. Identify open animals and pick the best breeding alternative f…

Dairy Judging Terminology: A Guide to Saying What She is and Not What She Isn't (B 1234) This guide is designed to help you improve your reasons for your placings in dairy cattle evaluations. Slowly incorporate new terms into your oral reasons and your ability to describe what you see will continue to improve. Concentrate on what you see instead of what you don't see. You only have 2 ½ minutes to justify your placings. Use I.D. points, and Practice! Practice! Practice!

Dairy Production and Management Benchmarks (B 1193) This publication provides production and management benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Some examples of using and applying benchmark values are provided. However, this publication should be viewed primarily as a comprehensive resource of production and management benchmark values. These benchmarks will be useful to dairy producers, dairy managers, consulta…

Dairy Reproduction Benchmarks (B 1210) This publication provides reproduction benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Some examples of using and applying benchmark values are provided; however, this publication should be viewed primarily as a comprehensive resource for reproduction benchmark values. These benchmarks will be useful to dairy producers, dairy managers, consultants, veterinarians and ag…

Dealing with Pasture, Hay, Feed, and Livestock Losses After Significant Weather Events (C 1165) As a result of significant weather events, many producers in Georgia may experience losses of pasture growth, hay stocks, feed supplies, and livestock. After such events occur, farmers will be assessing damage to fields, stock, and property for many days, weeks, months. This publication is intended to provide recommendations to farmers that have experienced adverse affects due to significant weath…

Deer-Tolerant Ornamental Plants (C 985) If deer are overabundant in your neighborhood, and deer herd reduction or management is not feasible, a good way to prevent deer browsing in landscapes is to plant ornamental plants that deer do not like to eat.

Designing Research and Demonstration Tests for Farmers' Fields (B 1177) As farmers and farm advisers, you make many management choices during a growing season. For example, you may have to decide which cultivar to plant, which herbicide to use, how frequently to apply a fungicide, and what rate of nematicide to use. Often the information needed to make the best decision is available to you, but when it is not available you can frequently compare the options by conduct…

Designing, Constructing and Maintaining Bermudagrass Sports Fields (B 1292) This for-sale publication describes everything you need to know about designing, constructing and maintaining bermudagrass sports fields. It is available for purchase here: http://www.caes.uga.edu/publications/for_sale.cfm

Determining Lime Requirement Using the Equilibrium Lime Buffer Capacity (C 874) Soil pH is an important chemical property because it influences the availability of soil nutrients for plant uptake, and it affects a crop's root system development. Soil pH also indicates whether lime is needed to correct toxicities caused by aluminum and manganese, or to increase calcium levels in the soil. A new method measures the buffering capacity directly.

Developing a Food Safety Plan for Acid / Acidified Foods (B 1541) This bulletin provides the scientific basis and food-safety framework for developing a food safety plan for acid/acidified foods. This includes practical food-safety examples for the acidified foods, including foundational support of a recordkeeping system and forms. Learning how to develop a process-flow diagram, developing recordkeeping forms, and applying food-safety principles during acid/acid…

Developing a Recall Plan: A Guide for Small Food Processing Facilities (B 1509) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines a recall as actions taken by a firm to remove a product from the market. A well-designed recall plan will help to effectively locate the recalled product, remove it from the market, and locate the source of error in the product. It serves a guide for the company to follow if a situation requiring a recall presents itself. Recalls can be conducted on a…

Developing a Storm Preparedness and Response Plan for Dairies (B 1525) The Southeast U.S. is susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms every year. Hurricane season occurs from June 1 through November 30, and these storms are normally forecast several days in advance. Tornadoes, ice storms, thunderstorms, or straight-line winds—potentially damaging winds produced by thunderstorms—are rarely forecast with enough notice to prepare other than to hopefully warn employ…

Development and Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Carrots (B 1545) Carrots suffer significant yield losses from nematode pests because the harvested edible product (taproot) is directly affected by nematode infection, resulting in reduced marketable yield and quality. Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are widespread in several counties in South Georgia and cause serious damage to carrots. Stubby-root (Paratrichodorus or Nanidorus spp.) and root-lesion (Praty…

Diagnostic Guide to Common Home Orchard Diseases (B 1336) This publication is intended to be used as a pictorial diagnostic guide to identify the most common diseases seen on fruits grown in home landscapes, gardens, and/or orchards in Georgia. Use this guide as a supplemental resource and/or reference to the Homeowner Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook.

Diagnostics System for Crop History and Disorders in Greenhouses and Nurseries (B 1273) This diagnostic system is designed as a tool to assist growers, Extension specialists and county agents to diagnose problems with ornamental crops. The document consists of six major sections and five appendices. Each section is designed to supply information on various important aspects of the crop under scrutiny.

Diseases of Leyland Cypress in the Landscape (B 1229) Leyland cypress has become one of the most widely used plants in commercial and residential landscapes across Georgia as a formal hedge, screen, buffer strip or wind barrier. Leyland cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii) is a graceful, rapidly growing evergreen tree that is adapted for growth within the 6-10a USDA hardiness zones. Leyland cypress is considered relatively pest-free; however, becaus…

Diseases of Sorghum in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1271) This publication contains information on the most important and common diseases of sorghum, the biology of the causal agents, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms (aided by high-quality detailed pictures), relevant up-to-date information on conditions favoring the diseases, as well as cultural, genetic and chemical methods of control. The publication is aimed for producers, cr…

Do You Plan to Retire? Series: Ways to Save for Retirement (C 1112-2) Retirement is just around the corner, and it is important to begin planning and saving for retirement as soon as possible. In order to maximize your savings, it is important to understand the various types of tax-advantaged retirement plans available individually and offered by employers.

Dogwood Borer (C 1316) The dogwood borer can be a destructive pest of many ornamental trees in nurseries and landscapes. The dogwood borer also attacks fruit and nut trees in landscapes and commercial orchards. It is native to North America and is common in eastern Canada and the United States. It is present throughout Georgia.

Dollar Spot of Turfgrasses in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1091) Dollar spot is an ever-present turfgrass disease that affects all warm and cool season grasses in the state of Georgia. The publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent, detail description of the disease symptoms (aided by high quality-detailed pictures), relevant up-to-date information on conditions favoring the disease, as well as cultural, genetic and chemical m…

Dormant Spur and Cane Pruning Bunch Grapevines (B 1505) This bulletin is intended to provide to provide both veteran and new growers an overview of commercially popular pruning strategies and a greater depth of understanding of the theory behind pruning method practice. Dormant pruning is an important vineyard management decision as it sets the crop level and canopy density before green tissues are present. Growers must take several considerations into…

Drinking Water: Interpretation and Recommendations (B 1441) An estimated 1.7 million people in Georgia rely on 640,000 private wells for their drinking water supply. The Georgia Environmental Protection Division enforces EPA's drinking water quality standards for human consumption in public water supplies according to the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act. However, private wells are not regulated. Consequently, private well water users are responsible for en…

Drip Chemigation: Injecting Fertilizer, Acid and Chlorine (B 1130) Drip irrigation is an important component of vegetable production systems in Georgia. Drip irrigation is more desirable than other irrigation methods for several reasons. Two important advantages are (1) water conservation and (2) potentially significantly improving fertilizer management. Fertigation is the timely application of small amounts of fertilizer through drip tubes directly to the root z…

Drip Fertilizer Schedule Recommendations for Vegetable Crops in Georgia Coastal Plain Soils (C 1325) A soil test is a chemical technique used to determine the status of available nutrients in a soil sample. It is a common method used to predict how soils will react to the addition of lime or fertilizer and calculate how much of each is required for crop production.

Drip Irrigation Checklist: Start-Up (C 1093) This publication reviews the critical items to address when starting a drip irrigation system that has been idle. This is important information for specialty crop producers and homeowners that have drip irrigation systems servicing fruit, nut, and vegetable crops.

Drip Irrigation Checklist: Winterization (C 1094) This publication addresses winterization of a drip irrigation system. The circular includes information about winterization timing, components of a drip system, precautions to take when servicing a drip system, and a quick reference run-down to the winterization process.

Drip Irrigation in Pecans (B 936) Research conducted on drip-irrigated pecans in Georgia over the past several years has shown that drip irrigation is highly beneficial even in wet years. The objective of drip irrigation is to supply each plant with sufficient soil moisture to meet transpiration demands. Drip irrigation offers unique agronomic, agrotechnical and economic advantages for the efficient use of water.

Drip Irrigation in the Home Vegetable Garden (C 1095) This publication is designed to give small market growers, homeowners, and Master Gardener audiences a quick guide to selecting and installing drip irrigation in the vegetable garden.

Drought Management Strategies for Beef Cattle (B 1323) Drought conditions are a yearly occurrence in Georgia and have been prolonged in several areas over the past several years. These conditions can have severe impacts on cattle, and every cattleman should have a plan in place to minimize the effects of drought on the farm's finances. This publication describes several management strategies for producers to consider during drought conditions.

Drought-Related Cattle Feeding Problems (SB 51) Drought does not develop overnight but progressively over time. Proper management during a drought period can make or break a producer's ability to stay in the cattle business. One main concern during a drought period is feeding and nutrition of the cow herd. Several problems could arise due to drought conditions. A good producer should stay alert for warning signs and avoid potentially damaging s…

Dust Control with Engineering Systems in Poultry Houses (C 1214) High levels of dust in cage-free poultry house air can carry airborne microorganisms and endotoxins that, once inhaled, may trigger respiratory diseases in animals and/or their caretakers. Mitigating dust levels is imperative to protecting the health and well-being of the animals and their caretakers and improving the environmental stewardship of cage-free layer farms. Studies have concluded that …

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: A Healthy Breakfast Feeds the Brain (C 1037-07) Read about the connection between a healthy breakfast and children's learning, and work with your child to make a fruit smoothie for breakfast.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: A Variety of Foods for Picky Eaters (C 1037-16) Read tips for helping picky eaters try new foods, and play a food finder game with your child on your next grocery shopping trip.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Appropriate Portion Sizes (C 1037-13) Learn quick ways to estimate appropriate portion sizes for common foods, and help your child practice measuring and comparing portions of cereal.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Benefits of Staying Physically Active (C 1037-19) Read about the benefits of being physically active for adults and children, and play walking games with your child.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Breakfast Fuels Your Day (C 1037-06) Learn why breakfast is essential to good health, and encourage your children to make breakfast more interesting with healthy toppings for their hot or cold cereal.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Current Physical Activity Trends (C 1037-24) Read about current trends in physical activity, and help your child be active by finding creative ways to move while drawing with sidewalk chalk.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Drinking Water is Important (C 1037-01) Learn why drinking water is an important part of keeping yourself and your family healthy, and help children learn about hydration by exploring wet and dry sponges.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Eat Breakfast Together (C 1037-09) Read tips for creating a quick breakfast your family can eat on the go, and make breakfast fun by inviting your family on a breakfast picnic.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Eating a Variety of Foods can be Fun! (C 1037-05) Find out how to make eating foods from all of the food groups more fun, and encourage your child to eat fruit by making silly fruit faces on a plate.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Eating a Variety of Foods is Healthy! (C 1037-04) Learn about the five food groups that make up MyPlate, and help your child learn the groups by coloring in sections of a paper plate.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Healthy Eating on a Budget (C 1037-17) Learn how to help your family eat healthy on a budget, and help your child keep track of what he/she eats in each food group using a simple chart.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: How Much Physical Activity? (C 1037-22) Find out how much physical activity young children need, and encourage your child to be active by playing a freeze dance game with music.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: How Much Water Should You Drink? (C 1037-02) Find out how much water you should drink to stay hydrated, and help children make drinking water more fun by making colored fruit ice cubes.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: It's Important to Stop When You're Full (C 1037-11) Learn why it’s important to stop eating when you are full, and teach your child about “full” and “empty” using bowls of water.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Making Breakfast can be Fun (C 1037-10) Check out breakfast foods that your child can help make, and work together with your child to build a fruit and yogurt parfait.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Modeling Healthy Eating Behaviors (C 1037-18) Find out how to model healthy eating for your child, and work with your child to create a healthy trail mix for a snack.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Motivating Your Child to be Active (C 1037-23) Learn how to motivate your child to be more active, and encourage your child’s physical activity by setting up a treasure hunt.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Physical Activity Teaches New Skills (C 1037-20) Learn about the skills children learn through physical activity, and be active as a family by playing a giant board game with your child.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Safety and Physical Activity (C 1037-21) Read safety tips for your active child, and encourage your child to be active by creating and moving through an obstacle course together.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Tips for Serving Smaller Portions (C 1037-14) Read tips for serving your family smaller food portions, and help your child practice healthy eating by self-serving food at the next meal.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Water Helps Children Succeed (C 1037-03) Read tips to help your child drink enough water every day, and help your child keep track of water drinking with a simple chart.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: What Does Full Feel Like? (C 1037-12) Find out how to help your child recognize what feeling full is like, and encourage your child to practice “full” by filling a plastic bag with flour or cornstarch.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: What to Eat for Breakfast? (C 1037-08) Check out breakfast ideas that include foods from several food groups, and encourage your child to draw a favorite breakfast food.

Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Why It's Important to Stop When Full (C 1037-15) Learn why it is important not to force children to clean their plates, and read a story with your child about why stopping eating when full is important.

Eclipta Identification and Control in Peanut (C 869) Eclipta is considered to be one of the world's worst weeds. This publication discusses the identification and control of eclipta in peanut.

Eco-Friendly Garden: Attracting Pollinators, Beneficial Insects, and Other Natural Predators (B 1456) A pollinator-friendly and ecologically sustainable garden is both beautiful and able to attract and sustain beneficial insects, reducing the need for pesticides. This publication is based on new research in habitat management for purposes of planting insect-attracting plant species in order to intentionally draw insects to garden areas and urban landscapes. This is done by providing a refuge for t…

Economic Impact of the Georgia Green Industry, 2013 (C 1138) The state of Georgia ranked ninth out of all states in 2013 for green industry (not including sod production, as this was not included in the analysis) economic contributions (including multiplier effects) to employment (64,066 jobs) and GDP ($3.79 billion) and tenth in total industry output ($6.72 billion). The largest individual sector in regard to output and employment both directly and indirec…

Economics of Farm Storage Buildings (B 1173) It is widely accepted that storing farm equipment under a shelter is better than storing it outside and that hay stored in a barn is better than hay stored in the field. But how can we determine just how much a farm storage building is worth? The answer is different for every individual operation, but there are some guidelines that will help you make an intelligent decision about whether or not yo…

Effects of Low Temperature on Plants (B 1467) Temperatures affects plant growth and distribution. This publication explains how low temperatures (chilling and freezing) affect plant growth in production greenhouses, nurseries, and landscapes. These three environments have different causes and effects, each requiring unique responses to avoid injury. This publication outlines different techniques that can be used to avoid cold injury to plants…

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Are We Compatible? (C 1052-09) While contemplating if a dating partner might turn into a marriage partner, deciding how compatible you are as a couple is an important factor. In this publication, we describe why compatibility is important and how you can decide how compatible you and your partner actually are based on five areas of importance.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Before You Say “I Do” (C 1052-10) Taking the time to think about the marriage can be difficult while planning a wedding, but taking the time to think about the decision to marry can help you avoid future problems. In this publication, we offer questions you should ask yourself and describe with your partner before you say "I do."

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Before You Say “I Do” Again (C 1052-30) Remarried couples are different from first-marriage couples in that they bring different experiences to the marriage. These experiences can lead to unique difficulties. In this publication, we describe the characteristics of a successful remarriage and encourage communication and commitment.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Bids for Connection: Creating Positive Interactions in Your Marriage (C 1052-26) Positive interactions are important to building a strong marriage. When one partner attempts to make a positive connection, how the other partner responds impacts whether the connection is positive or negative. In this publication, we describe what it means to "bid for connection" and what each partner can do to create more positive connections.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Caregiving Spouses (C 1052-36) As couples reach the later years of marriage, one partner may become ill and the other take on the caregiver role. In this publication, we describe ways for the caregiver to support their partner's self-esteem and describe options of support for the caregiving partner.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Commitment to Look for the Positive (C 1052-15) Committing to look for the positive in the relationship can have a strong impact on the strength of a couple's marriage and their levels of satisfaction. In this publication, we encourage couples to commit to having a positive point of view, to look for and built upon the positive things in their lives, share in and talk about positive events, and to be positive and encouraging toward their partne…

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Dealing Positively with Your Former Spouse (C 1052-31) After divorce, many parents have difficulty establishing the type of relationship they will have in order to co-parent their child or children. In this publication, we describe the different types of co-parent relationships that can be established and offer suggestions on how to interact with a former spouse to maintain a relationship beneficial to raising a healthy child.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Dealing with Anger (C 1052-16) Anger is an emotion that everyone feels from time to time, but mismanaging this emotion can lead to hurt and difficulty in the marriage. In this publication, we describe some ways that anger is not handled well, and how to better manage and express anger so that the problem can be resolved without damage to the marriage.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Empty Nest, Now What? (C 1052-02) When the last child leaves home, many couples experience difficulties to this new life adjustment. In this publication, we offer suggestions on how to identify and describe these problems as a couple and move into the "second half" of marriage.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Enhancing Midlife Marriage (C 1052-37) While, at times, marital satisfaction might decrease during the middle years, there are also many benefits to this stage of marriage. In this publication, we describe the highs and the lows of the middle years and what couples can do to increase satisfaction during this stage.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Getting to ‘Really’ Know You (C 1052-11) Dating is an important time of learning about yourself and your partner, but during the beginning stages of a dating relationship, each partner tends to put their best foot forward, which may lead to disappointment later in the relationship. In this publication, we describe the beginning stages of a dating relationship, and the steps new dating couples can take to avoid future disappointment.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Goal Setting in Marriage (C 1052-17) Setting goals in a marriage can lead to expectations being met for both partners and for more marital satisfaction. In this publication, we describe the importance of setting goals and give some suggestions on how to set, evaluate, and reach them.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Great Expectations: What Do You Want for Your Marriage? (C 1052-27) Each person brings certain expectations to a relationship from previous experiences and exposures. In this publication, we describe expectations in the marriage and how opening describing these expectations can lead to better marital satisfaction.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Honey, Do You Want Lilies or Daisies? Discussing End-of-life with Your Partner (C 1052-38) Describing end of life decisions can be uncomfortable and upsetting, but is an important topic to consider. In this publication, we describe ways for a partner to bring up end of life decisions in conversation and offer guidelines for talking about and making these decisions.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: How Attached is Your Relationship? (C 1052-12) Positive attachment is an important part of building a healthy marriage. When knowledge, trust, reliance, commitment, and sex are at balanced levels, strong, lasting attachment can help build stronger marriages. In this publication, we describe the five areas of attachment and offer suggestions on how to evaluate and improve attachment levels in these categories.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Instant Family and Love? (C 1052-32) Many couples in a stepmarriage bring certain expectations to the new marriage that might be unrealistic, not only for the marriage itself, but for the whole family. In this publication, we describe what some of those expectations might be and offer tips on how to help the entire new family connect and love each other, which takes commitment and time.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Is Work Starving Your Marriage? (C 1052-35) Due to the increasing demands of the workplace, some couples experience problems due to the interference that work might have with couple or family time. The working spouse may feel the stress of a demanding job while the other spouse may feel that they are not the priority. In this publication, we describe the increasing demands of a job or career and the impact it may have on the relationship, w…

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Knowing Your Partner (C 1052-18) Taking the time to really get to know your partner can help build a strong relational foundation so that when significant life changes occur, the marriage can continue to stay strong. In this publication, we explain the importance of knowing your partner well and steps you can take to get to know each other better.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Let’s Talk S-E-X (C 1052-03) Communicating about the sexual relationship can be very difficult for some couples. In this publication, we describe the importance of communication about sex, how sex is viewed differently, and offer some tips on how to communicate about the sexual relationship.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Listen to Learn (C 1052-19) During partner communication, listening to learn, rather than listening to reject, is an important communication skill. In this publication, we explain the difference between listening to learn and listening to reject and explain how listening to learn can lead to better communication and understanding between partners.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Love for a Lifetime: Acting on Your Love for Your Spouse (C 1052-04) Many married couples say "I love you" to each other, but practicing love is key to a lasting marriage. In this publication, we offer suggestions of how to express love and give ideas of how to put love in to practice on a daily basis.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Making Couple-time a Priority (C 1052-05) Because of their busy lifestyles, many couples find it difficult to make time for just each other. In this publication, we describe the importance of one-on-one time and offer tips on how to make time for one another in a busy daily life.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Managing Conflict, Winning at Love (C 1052-23) Conflict is a natural part of any close relationship, and learning how to handle conflict well can lead to each partner feeling understood and safe to share opinions and feelings, which can lead to an increase in marital satisfaction. In this publication, we describe the importance of conflict resolution skills and offer suggestions on how to communicate so that each partner feels understood and s…

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Marriage, a Promise to Work (C 1052-13) Many people believe that marriage is "happily ever after" and that happiness is the goal. In the publication, we describe the reality of marriage and the commitment involved.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Money Talks (C 1052-20) Since conversations about money are often emotionally charged, these conversations can quickly turn into disagreements. In this publication, we list ways to communicate effectively about money, which may lead to better money management and harmony in the family.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Money: Yours, Mine, and Ours? (C 1052-33) How money is handled in a remarriage is a major decision based on past experience and financial resources available. Many remarried couples use a variation of a "Yours, Mine, and Ours" approach. In this publication, we describe different options for handling money in a remarriage and offer questions to answer on how money will be handled, opening the lines for communication.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Newlywed Bliss Versus the Money Monster (C 1052-28) Money plays a major role in every marriage, and each partner handles money differently, which can lead to emotionally-charged disagreements. In this publication, we describe the impact money decisions can have on a marriage and offer suggestions on how to communicate with your spouse about money.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: One Marriage, Two Religions (C 1052-06) Interfaith couples may experience hurdles when blending religious beliefs and traditions. In this publication, we describe challenges that interfaith couples may face and offer suggestions of how to describe situations couples may face.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Owning the Message (C 1052-22) Making an effort to nourish your marital relationship can greatly strengthen your marriage. When conflicts do arise, using "I" statements can make communication more positive. In this publication, we list ways to nourish the relationship, explain the use of "I" statements, and describe the positive impact compliments can have in improving the marriage.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: P.S., I Love You: Dealing with Time Apart (C 1052-07) When one spouse is away and time is spent apart due to job- or military-related duties, the couple may experience unique hurdles and difficulties. In this publication, we describe difficulties long-distance couples may face and offer important strategies to help the couple and family during the time apart.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Preparing Your Marriage for Retirement (C 1052-39) Retirement is not only a transition period for the individual but also for the marriage. In this publication we describe the impact that retirement might have on the marriage and how to prepare for this major life change within the marriage.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Staying Together After the Loss of a Child (C 1052-08) The loss of a child is an extremely difficult event for anyone to go through and often takes a toll on the marriage. Many couples do, however, maintain a healthy marriage through the difficult loss. In this publication, we describe strategies couples can use to talk about the loss and where to get support during this extremely difficult time.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Stepparenting Begins with Common Ground (C 1052-34) Defining the role as a stepparent can be a very difficult transition, both for the stepparent and the stepchild. In this publication, we offer steps to help make the transition smoother and to help a new stepparent know what to expect in his or her new role.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: Surviving the Holidays (C 1052-21) Expecting a magical or perfect holiday season is something that many individuals practice, possibly leading to stress and disappointment, which can put strain on the marriage. In this publication, we offer suggestions on how to prepare for the holiday season by having open communication with your partner about expectations and realistic plans.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: The Honeymoon is Over, Now What? (C 1052-29) After the "honeymoon phase," many couples find that marriage is not exactly what they envisioned, possibly leaving them less than satisfied with their relationship. In this publication, we describe the normalcy of this feeling, acknowledge that adjustment is necessary and offer strategies for building a strong marriage.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: The New Year, a Good Time for an Intimacy Checkup (C 1052-14) Taking an annual inventory of the emotional, social, sexual, intellectual, recreational, and spiritual intimacy that is in a marriage can reveal what is being done well and what areas might need improvement. In this publication, we explain each area of intimacy in a marriage and how couples can evaluate and improve their intimacy level in these areas.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: What Did You Mean? (C 1052-24) Men and women communicate in different ways, which may lead to a misunderstanding. In this publication, we describe the ways in which men and women generally communicate and offer suggestions on how to communicate so that misunderstanding is minimal.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: What I Said vs. What You Heard (C 1052-25) Many things, such as distractions, emotional states, beliefs and expectations, differences in communication styles, and self-protection can lead to a miscommunication between couples. In this publication, we point out several things that might lead to a miscommunication so that couples can identify them before they become a problem.

Elevate Your Relationship Series: When Baby Makes Three: Making Time for Two (C 1052-01) The significant life-changing experience of becoming a first-time parent can be an exciting and stressful time, but can also take a toll on the marriage. In this publication, we describe why becoming parents may be difficult on the marriage and offer suggestions of how to cope with the changes that come along with a family addition.

Emergency Preparedness: Long-Term Food Storage for Disasters (C 1310) This publication provides practical guidance for individuals and families, covering essential aspects such as planning, selecting suitable containers, and maintaining stored foods during emergencies like natural disasters. The guide offers user-friendly tips on menu variety, food safety, and non-food supplies, ensuring a holistic approach to disaster readiness.

Ensuring Safe Private Well Water for Household Use After a Flood (C 1124) The quality of drinking water from wells may be compromised during a flood. Flooding around the well increases the risk of drinking water becoming contaminated with bacteria or any other contaminants, rendering it unsafe to drink and for washing food items. This publication describes the steps to take when you suspect that your well has been affected by flooding. Steps include well inspection, cal…

Environmental Enhancement with Ornamental Plants: Butterfly Gardening (C 975) Butterfly populations can be greatly enhanced by devoting a portion of the landscape to butterfly habitat. In addition to their natural beauty, butterflies serve as valuable plant pollinators.

Environmental Factors to Control when Brooding Chicks (B 1287) The main objective in brooding chicks is to efficiently and economically provide a comfortable, healthy environment for growing birds. Temperature, air quality, humidity and light are critical factors to consider. Failure to provide the adequate environment during the brooding period will reduce profitability, resulting in reduced growth and development, poorer feed conversion, and increased disea…

Environmental Water Quality Series: Georgia's Water Quality Standards (B 1242-3) The Environmental Protection Division (GAEPD) of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR) is responsible for setting and enforcing water quality standards. The goals of establishing these standards are to “provide enhancement of water quality and prevention of pollution; to protect the public health or welfare in accordance with the public interest for drinking water supplies, conservat…

Environmental Water Quality Series: Total Maximum Daily Loads in Georgia (B 1242-2) A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards. This publication contains comprehensive information about total maximum daily loads in Georgia, including their importance and how to establish an implementation plan.

Environmental Water Quality Series: Watershed Assessment in Georgia (B 1242-1) Watershed assessment is the measurement and use of chemical, physical and biological properties to determine the current health of streams. It also can include the use of predictive modeling of watershed conditions and suggests management practices that will maintain and improve the health of a watershed. This publication provides information on the components of a watershed assessment and how to …

Environmentally Friendly Landscape Practices (C 967) With proper planning, planting and maintenance, a healthier landscape can be created with less expense, less work and less damage to the world around us.

Equine Parasite Control: Moving Beyond Rotational Deworming (C 1193) Parasite resistance is an increasing problem in livestock species, including horses. Equine deworming practices have historically involved a six-week rotational deworming schedule. However, these practices have led to parasite resistance to many of our available dewormers. This publication addresses the current recommendations for deworming based on fecal egg counts, including why parasite resista…

Equipment Maintenance and Troubleshooting for the Landscape and Garden (C 1247) This publication covers routine maintenance and troubleshooting for common motorized equipment (small engine) that is used by small farmers and gardeners. Gardening and landscape equipment can be an expensive investment for both consumers and professionals. However, quality equipment can last a lifetime when cared for properly. Typically, you get what you pay for when it comes to equipment. Higher…

Essential pH Management in Greenhouse Crops: pH and Plant Nutrition (B 1256) Your goal as a greenhouse grower is to maintain a stable pH over the life of the crop. This is not an easy task since many factors can affect pH in the growing substrate. The pH can go up or down within several weeks of the crop cycle and if you wait for deficiency or toxicity symptoms to develop, you have already compromised the health of the crop and you r profits. Knowing all factors involved i…

Establishing a Pecan Orchard (B 1314) A well-planned, organized orchard will be more efficient, require less input and offer larger potential returns. Select the orchard location based on its soil type, drainage, water table and land topography. Straight rows in planted orchards make maintenance, irrigation and harvest easier. Tree growth and spacing requirements can also be anticipated for the early planting and subsequent orchard th…

Estimating Crude Protein Variability and Savings of Broiler Feeds Using Microsoft Excel (B 1430) This publication describes Microsoft Excel workbooks designed to calculate the effects of dividing ingredients into above- and below-average portions (2-bin method) and the costs of providing nutrients at specified confidence levels.

Estrous Synchronization for Beef Cattle (B 1232) Estrous (heat) synchronization in beef cattle involves manipulating the females' estrous cycle so they can be bred at about the same time. The normal 21-day estrous cycle in beef cattle can be altered by following an effective estrous synchronization protocol. Numerous estrous synchronization protocols have been developed that use a combination of different drugs and products to alter hormonal cha…

Estrus Synchronization Programs for Natural Service (B 1544) Cattle producers commonly evaluate reproductive performance by determining how many cows became pregnant during the breeding season. Although pregnancy rates are important, when the females become pregnant within the breeding season is a major component of cow-calf profitability. Cows that become pregnant early in the breeding season calve earlier in the calving season. Consequently, they have mor…

European Gypsy Moth Update for Georgia and the Southeast (B 1492) Currently, European gypsy moth is one of the top quarantine species in the United States. Thanks to the efforts of the U.S. Forest Service and other organizations, such as the Slow the Spread Foundation, the spread of European gypsy moth has slowed dramatically and has yet to become established in Georgia. However, residents and commercial landscape/nursery persons should continually monitor for t…

Evaluating and Interpreting Application Uniformity of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems (C 911) With rising fuel prices it is increasingly important that irrigation systems apply water uniformly in order to achieve maximum benefit from the water applied. The uniformity of water application under a center pivot is determined by setting out cans or rain gauges along the length of the pivot, bringing the irrigation system up to proper operating pressure, and letting the system pass over them.

Evaluating Common Equine Performance Classes (B 1401) When competing in youth horse judging contests or events at horse shows, it is important to have a good understanding of basic performance events that may be encountered. This publication is designed to give a basic overview of common hunt seat and western pleasure performance classes. It is by no means comprehensive of all events that may be seen and does not go in-depth on any one event.

Evaluating Conformation and Growth of Commercial Dairy Heifers (B 1573) Selecting commercial dairy heifers and monitoring their growth can be difficult for many farmers and youth exhibitors. The way in which farmers are achieving production efficiency is highly variable from farm to farm, so this publication provides guidance on the conformation and growth parameters of commercial heifers found to be most ideal for future production efficiency.

Evaluating Fruit Quality of Citrus Varieties in Georgia, 2020-21 (AP 127-1) The commercial citrus industry in Georgia has only recently been established, with most groves planted after 2014. Initially, satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu) on trifoliate rootstocks (Poncirus trifoliata) were planted for their cold-hardiness, seedlessness, and ease of peeling. Satsuma fruits begin to attain commercial maturity in early November and usually avoid hard freezes in southern Georgia…

Evaluating Fruit Quality of Citrus Varieties in Georgia, 2021 (C 1275) The commercial citrus industry in Georgia has only recently been established, with most groves planted after 2014. Initially, satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu) on trifoliate rootstocks (Poncirus trifoliata) were planted for their cold-hardiness, seedlessness, and ease of peeling. Satsuma fruits begin to attain commercial maturity in early November and usually avoid hard freezes in southern Georgia…

Evaluating Fruit Quality of Citrus Varieties in Georgia, 2021-22 (AP 127-2) Note: This publication contains data from an average of the 2020-21 and 2021-22 orange harvest seasons (exceptions noted in the chart). The commercial citrus industry in Georgia has only recently been established, with most groves planted after 2014. As of 2022, approximately 75% of the 3,300 acres of citrus planted in Georgia are satsumas, but that proportion is trending downward. To strengthen t…

Evaluating Horse Conformation (B 1400) When examining horses for conformation, either when considering a purchase or competing in horse judging contests, it is important to break things down into key principles to avoid becoming overwhelmed when putting the overall picture together. There are five main criteria to evaluate when examining a horse's conformation: balance, structural correctness, way of going, muscling, and breed/sex char…

Exobasidium Leaf And Fruit Spot of Blueberry (C 1142) Exobasidium leaf and fruit spot, caused by the fungus Exobasidium maculosum, is an emerging disease affecting both southern highbush and rabbiteye blueberries. In addition to direct yield loss due to fruit drop, lesions on remaining fruit compromise the aesthetic qualities of the fruit as well as the taste, rendering them unmarketable. This circular provides the most current knowledge of this impo…

Extending the Growing Season for Lettuce in Georgia Using Shade Cloth and High Tunnels (C 1241) Georgia growers can reliably produce lettuce in shaded high tunnels to capitalize on summer markets. This publication is an overview of using shading to grow lettuce in a high tunnel during the summer season when it is too hot to grow in the field.

Factors Affecting Calving Difficulty (B 943) Calving difficulty, otherwise known as dystocia, may result in reduced calf performance, delayed estrus and, in some cases, loss of the calf and/or dam. This publication discusses several factors affecting calving difficulty and provides management suggestions that may be useful to prevent its occurrence.

Factors that Influence Cold Hardiness of Citrus (C 1307) One of the most common questions regarding citrus is how much cold weather they can withstand before they are killed. Most citrus growers are looking for a specific low temperature, but there is no simple answer to this question because there are so many factors involved in citrus cold hardiness. This publication details research and information on the relative cold hardiness of different citrus v…

Facts for County Planners: Set-Backs for Poultry Houses (C 931) One of the most important components of a zoning ordinance for poultry farms relates to the set-back distance required for the location of poultry production houses. It is important that set-back requirements for poultry houses be based on facts rather than emotions.

Facts for County Planners: Zoning Issues and Poultry Production (C 932) Georgia poultry farmers are among the best in the world at growing chickens using state of the art technology, housing systems, and best management practices. To protect this vital business for Georgia farmers, it is important that agricultural zoning ordinances be prudently devised and factually based.

Fall Gardening: A Collection of Information and Resources (AP 105) This publication is an annually-updated guide to fall gardening information and resources for Georgia. Topics include planting tall fescue lawns, soil bag flower beds, planting pansies like the pros, planting collards, turnips and cabbage, planting a home fruit orchard, mulching with leaves, gardening chores, cleaning and storing garden tools, treating for fire ants, and additional resources.

Fall Vegetable Gardening (C 1258) This publication covers fall vegetable production including planting dates, spacing, general culture of cool-season vegetables planted in Georgia in the fall. Many people consider the end of summer to be the end of gardening season. However, there is a whole other world of vegetables that can be planted in the fall garden in Georgia. Temperatures are milder, and there generally are fewer insects a…

Fall Webworms: Biology and Management (C 1197) The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a polyphagous caterpillar pest of ornamentals and trees in Georgia. “Polyphagous” means that it can feed on many types of food, and the fall webworm is known to feed on more than 600 species of plants, including row crops, herbaceous plants, shrubs, fruit, and ornamental trees in orchards, nurseries, and landscapes. Fall webworm…

Feeder Calf Grading Fundamentals (B 1481) Feeder cattle buyers, marketers, and producers are able to communicate the potential growth and carcass merit potential of individual and grouped calves using the USDA Feeder Cattle Grading Standards. Producers that are aware of these standards and their use in predicting carcass value are better suited to making breeding and management decisions to improve the value of future calf crops.

Feeding for Improved Yield of Milk Components (B 1512) This bulletin provides information for producers, nutritionists, and feed industry personnel on formulating diets to maintain or improve milk composition. The value of milk components is increasing more than skim milk, so this topic impacts all dairy farmers. The publication provides information on feeding dairy cows for improved yield of milk components, providing background on how the cow synthe…

Feeding Issues for Broiler Breeder Feather Cover (C 1096) Feather coverage is important for both thermoregulation and disease prevention. Because feathers are made of protein, there are obvious nutritional factors that affect feather coverage in high yield broiler breeds. This publication summarizes the importance and structure of the feather and the feed-related factors that impact feather coverage.

Feeding Sprouted Wheat to Cattle (C 979) Sprouted grains are usually considered unsuitable for milling or distilling; however, they can serve as an excellent source of nutrients for cattle. Wheat, which is commonly used for human consumption, is usually priced higher than other feedstuffs and is typically not utilized for livestock consumption. Sprouted wheat, however, is discounted heavily at the mill and may be economically feasible to…

Feeding Strategies for Peak Performance in Horses (B 1365) Nutrition can play a key role in achieving peak athletic performance in horses. This publication discusses ways to enhance feeding strategies to maximize training and conditioning programs and keep horses in peak physical condition. It also includes a Body Condition Scoring table.

Feeding Whole Cottonseed to Dairy Cows and Replacements (SB 59) Whole cottonseed is an excellent feed for dairy cattle due to its high level of fiber, protein and energy (fat) in a compact package. It can be fed just as it comes from the gin without processing or may be pelleted before feeding. Whole cottonseed can also be used to stretch limited forage supply. Dairymen should capitalize on this situation as much as possible. Some limiting factors to consider …

Fences for Horses (B 1192) Fences are necessary to safely confine horses yet provide them with the opportunity to exercise and graze. Because of the natural flight response of horses, they tend to injure themselves in fences more than most other livestock. In addition, many horses are extremely valuable and that justifies the extra cost of building a fence that is safe, strong and attractive. When selecting a fence, conside…

Fertilizer Injectors: Selection, Maintenance and Calibration (B 1237) Fertilizer injectors are devices used to apply water-soluble fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth regulators, wetting agents and mineral acids during crop production. They are a vital part of modern greenhouse or nursery operations. Despite the advantages, many growers have had at least one experience with a compromised, damaged or even ruined crop where the cause was traced to a malfunctioning i…

Fertilizing Blueberries in Pine Bark Beds (B 1291) Grower experiences have proven milled pine bark to be an excellent growing substrate for southern highbush blueberries. Although milled pine bark shares many characteristics with good blueberry soil, fundamental differences exist and need to be understood for rapid growth of young plants and high blueberry yields.

Fertilizing the Home Garden (C 1179) This publication covers the basics of how to correctly fertilize the home vegetable garden. It discusses the differences between organic and synthetic fertilizers and the advantages and disadvantages of both. The circular also includes information about the importance of soil testing along with detailed instructions for fertilizing a new garden as well as more established vegetables.

Fescue Toxicosis in Horses (C 1180) Tall fescue is the primary cool season perennial forage grown in the state of Georgia, and toxicity issues related to the grass can have significant impacts on equine reproduction. Tall fescue is the most heat tolerant of the cool season grasses due to a fungus that grows within the plant called an endophyte. This endophyte produces ergot alkaloids that can have negative effects on animals that ea…

Field Guide to Ambrosia Beetles of Agricultural Importance in the Eastern and Southern United States (C 1239) This pocket field guide provides a summary of the common economically damaging species of ambrosia beetles in the Eastern and Southern U.S. It includes an easy-to-use morphological identification guide, external and internal plant-injury descriptions to help in infestation diagnosis, and trapping guidelines and protocols for researchers, Extension agents, and growers. The finished printed size of …

Financial Analysis of Methyl Bromide and Mulch Alternatives for Bell Pepper in Georgia (B 1411) This publication contains a financial analysis of alternatives to methyl bromide and mulch for bell pepper in Georgia. This research is aimed at seeking the best fumigant substitute for methyl bromide (MB) along with the perfect mulch complement that effectively enhances production yield and profitability potential. The main goal of this report is to make the alternatives accessible to farmers thr…

Fireblight: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment (C 871) Fireblight is a destructive, highly infectious, and widespread disease. It attacks blossoms, leaves, shoots, branches, fruits, and roots. This publication has some facts and methods to avoid and control the disease.

Flatheaded appletree borer: A pest of trees in nurseries and landscapes (C 1261) The flatheaded appletree borer is a polyphagous pest—so called because it feeds on multiple tree species—native throughout North America. Flatheaded appletree borers impact specialty crops such as fruit, nut, and ornamental trees. Nursery growers in Georgia face mild to moderate levels of infestation depending on the local beetle population size and favorable environmental conditions. Adult flathe…

Flowering Annuals for Georgia Gardens (B 954) Annuals are the mainstay color plant of many home gardens. They are also used in increasingly large numbers in commercial and municipal landscapes because they provide landscape color in a very short time with minimal investment. Properly cared for, many annuals will brighten the landscape continuously from spring until frost kills them in the fall.

Flowering Bulbs for Georgia Gardens (B 918) A wide variety of bulbs grow well in Georgia. Most are grown for their flowers and some for their foliage. They are grown as pot plants, in shrub borders, naturalistic plantings and in mass displays. Bulbs offer a certain magic to the landscape virtually unrivaled by other plants.

Flowering Perennials for Georgia Gardens (B 944) This publication is devoted specifically to covering everything you need to know about growing herbaceous perennials, primarily to those that persist from crowns and/or fleshy roots.

Foliage Products: An Opportunity for the Georgia Ornamental Industry (B 1262) The majority of the plants used for interior decoration are considered “foliage plants” because of the highly decorative value of their leaves. Most of them originated in tropical and subtropical areas of the world and are adapted to low light levels, making them a natural choice for interior environments.

Food Hubs in Georgia: A Potential Market for Small-Scale and Midscale Farms (B 1488) In Georgia, there are many small-scale producers that largely use ecological production practices, such as Certified Organic, and sell in farmers markets or other direct marketing channels. As these direct markets begin to saturate, these producers may need to forge a path beyond direct markets to wholesale or institutional markets that want sustainable products. Food hubs may offer a path for the…

Food Preservation Series: Conservación de Alimentos: Uso de Envasadoras de Agua Hirviendo (C 1344-01-SP) Una envasadora de agua hirviendo es una olla grande para cocinar con tapa y una rejilla en el interior. La mayoría de las envasadoras de agua hirviendo están hechas de aluminio, acero esmaltado o porcelanizado, o acero recubierto de porcelana, o acero inoxidable. Esta publicación cubre los pasos para la preservación exitosa de los alimentos usando enlatadoras de agua hirviendo.

Food Preservation Series: Using Boiling Water Canners (C 1344-01) A water bath (boiling water) canner is a large cooking pot with a lid and a rack inside. Most boiling water canners are made of aluminum, enamel-coated or porcelain-covered steel, or stainless steel. This publication covers steps to successful food preservation using boiling water canners.

Food Safety During Pregnancy: 4 Essential Steps to Protect Mom and Baby From Foodborne Illness (C 1321) Pregnancy is a time of change, and moms-to-be have a lot to think about, for themselves and for their babies. Food safety and preventing foodborne illness (sickness caused by contaminated foods) is very important during this time. There are four easy steps that pregnant women and their families can take to protect themselves and their babies and prevent foodborne illness.

Food Safety Tips for Preparing a Holiday Turkey (C 1226) Read about safe thawing, cooking, and storing a turkey, including current estimates of the time needed for safe thawing and cooking. Because bacteria can multiply rapidly at room temperature, never defrost a turkey on the counter! The cold water and microwave methods may be used when you don't have time to thaw your turkey in the refrigerator. Whole poultry is safe when the meat is cooked to a min…

Forage Systems for Horses in Georgia (B 1224) A good pasture and forage program can provide quality feed and normally will be the most efficient and economical means of providing a substantial part of equine rations. In Georgia, we are fortunate to have a mild climate, soils suitable for producing forages and a good selection of highly productive forage species. With careful planning and good management, adequate grazing can be supplied for u…

Forage Systems for Stocker Cattle (B 1392) This publication provides a guide to the various forage systems that could be used for stocker development and provides guidelines for managing grazing or hay harvests for optimum forage yield and quality.

Forage Use and Grazing Herd Management During a Drought (C 914) This brief management guideline provides producers with specific management tactics that may minimize the potential for short- and long-term problems. These tactics, categorized in order of early, advanced, and severe drought stages, are based on specific characteristics including water loss, forage growth, and rainfall.

Forest Farming–Forest Gardening: Growing Alternative Crops Under a Forest Canopy (C 1029) This publication describes forest farming (also known as forest gardening), which can be defined as cultivation of plants under a forest canopy (as opposed to wildcrafting, the practice of collecting wild plants and products from a forest). It includes suggestions for appropriate plants for cultivation in the Southeast.

Foxtail Identification and Control in Georgia Pastures and Hayfields (B 1464) Foxtails (Setaria spp.) are invasive weeds in pastures and hayfields. The competitive growth of foxtails with pasture specie causes stand thinning and reductions in hay yields. Foxtails may be grazed in spring prior to inflorescence development. However, the production of seedheads is concerning in summer due to the sharp awns that can damage the gums of livestock. Hayfield growers are also concer…

Freeze Branding Cattle (C 904) To improve efficiency, cattle producers should place a high priority on identifying individual cattle and maintaining accurate records. One type of permanent identification is branding.

Fresh Market Broccoli Production for Georgia (B 1460) Broccoli is grown throughout Georgia in both the fall and spring growing seasons. A locally significant wholesale industry developed in southwest Georgia, and acreage devoted to broccoli production has increased. The wholesale broccoli industry fills a market window in late fall, through winter, and into early spring. Plantings also occur in north Georgia, where lower winter temperatures limit lat…

Fungus Gnats: A Tiny Nuisance of Houseplants (C 1250) Nothing is more welcoming in the home, office, waiting room, or conference room than lush greenery. The benefits of plants in the home and workplace are well-documented. They remove pollutants, help workers relax and refocus, increase productivity, and make the room look better. Unfortunately, plants often come with the nuisance pest fungus gnats. Learn how to what they are, how they live, and how…

Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon in Georgia (B 1485) Watermelon production faces many challenges in Georgia. The warm, humid climate favors numerous foliar diseases. Because of the long history of watermelon production in Georgia, soilborne diseases such as Fusarium wilt also present challenges to growers. This bulletin will provide background on disease symptoms, pathogen survival and infection, pathogenic races, and management.

Gardening in Containers (C 787) Growing plants in containers differs from growing plants in the ground. Poorly drained potting mixture can lead to root problems. Under conditions of excess moisture and poor aeration, roots become stressed and are easily invaded by root rotting fungi. Under these circumstances, plants fail to grow properly or even die. In addition to guidance on soil preparation, this bulletin provides informati…

Gardening in Containers Using Tropical Plants (B 1338) Container gardening has enjoyed an increased popularity in the last decade. With increased urbanization, container gardens have come to the rescue to brighten up patios and balconies. This publication is intended to provide information on successful gardening in containers using tropical plant materials.

Genomic Testing in Beef Cattle: How Does it Work? (B 1506) Genomic testing is not a new idea in the eyes of science, but its application in today's beef industry is still met with some confusion. The purpose of this publication is to explain to county agents and producers how genomic testing works, how to use the results, and why this technology is valuable to cattlemen. This bulletin covers a simple history of genetic technology; parentage testing and si…

Georgia 2010 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-2) This publication presents the results of the 2010 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region.

Georgia 2011 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-3) This publication presents the results of the 2011 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region. Agronomic information such as grade, fiber data, plant height, lodging, disease occurrence, e…

Georgia 2012 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-4) This publication presents the results of the 2012 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region.

Georgia 2013 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-5) This report presents the results of the 2013 peanut, cotton and tobacco performance tests.

Georgia 2014 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-6) This report presents the results of the 2014 peanut, cotton and tobacco variety performance tests.

Georgia 2015 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-7) This research report presents the results of the 2015 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region. Agronomic information such as grade, fiber data, plant height, lodging, disease occurre…

Georgia 2015 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-7) This research report presents the results of the 2015 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. The Univers…

Georgia 2016 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-8) This research report presents the results of the 2016 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region. Agronomic information such as grade, fiber data, plant height, lodging, disease occurre…

Georgia 2016 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-8) This research report presents the results of the 2016 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. The Univers…

Georgia 2016-2017 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-9) This report includes results of the 2016-2017 performance tests of small grains used for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted in five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at five locations in Georgia …

Georgia 2017 Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-9) In this research report, the results of the 2017 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at Griffin in the Piedmont region, at Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region, and at Blairsville in the Mountain region. Hybrids used for silage were evaluated at Tifton, Griffin, Calhoun, and Blairsvil…

Georgia 2017 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-9) This publication presents the results of the 2017 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region.

Georgia 2017 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-9) This research report presents the results of the 2017 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region.

Georgia 2017-2018 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-10) This report includes results of the 2017-2018 performance tests of small grains used for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted in five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at five locations in Georgia …

Georgia 2018 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-10) This publication presents the results of the 2018 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region.

Georgia 2018 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-10) This research report presents the results of the 2018 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region.

Georgia 2018-2019 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-11) This report includes results of the 2018-2019 performance tests of small grains used for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted in five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at five locations in Georgia …

Georgia 2019 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-11) This publication presents the results of the 2019 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Bainbridge, Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region and Athens in the Piedmont region.

Georgia 2019 Soybean Performance Tests (AP 103-11) This research report presents the results of the 2019 statewide soybean performance tests. Evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, Midville and Attapulgus in the Coastal Plain region; Griffin and Athens in the Piedmont region; and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley region. For identification of the test site locations, consult the map inside the back c…

Georgia 2019-2020 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-12) This research report presents results of the 2019-2020 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; Athens in the Piedmont region; and Rome in the Limestone Valley region. An additional study was conducted at Citra, Florida. Winter annual forage…

Georgia Corn Diagnostic Guide (B 1221) The field is a complex environment with many factors that can interact to influence the growth of a corn plant. These factors can be living in the form of insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds; or, they can be non-living such as weather, nutrients or chemicals. In the proper combination of factors, corn can produce more than 200 bushels per acre in the Southeast; or in a totally unfavorable combi…

Georgia Farm Record Book (B 722) This publication is intended to provide you with a useful aid in the business management of your farming operation. Spaces is provided for recording farm receipts and expenses, capital transactions, inventories, credit accounts, net worth statements, crop records, and individual labor records for Social Security purposes.

Georgia Fireflies (C 1213) Georgia is home to over 50 species of fireflies, more than any other U.S. state. Also known as lightning bugs, the insects’ “dancing light” patterns are an important, and nostalgic, part of Georgia summer evenings. To protect fireflies and ensure that we continue to enjoy their presence in the landscape, it is important to understand their lifecycle and habitat needs.

Georgia Forages: Grass Species (B 1351) The geographic and environmental diversity of Georgia allows for the extensive use of both cool and warm season grass species. In general, cool season grass species provide higher nutritional quality than warm season grasses. In contrast, warm season grasses generally yield more than cool season grasses. Each type and species, however, offers its own unique qualities and benefits to the forage sys…

Georgia Forages: Legume Species (B 1347) Legume species add significantly to forage systems in Georgia. They are an excellent source of high quality forage, and are generally very digestible and contain high levels of crude protein (CP). Many legumes also provide substantial forage yields. Perhaps most importantly, legumes and the rhizobium bacteria that colonize nodules on their roots provide an important source of biologically-fixed ni…

Georgia Green*A*Syst: Environmental Checklist for Nurseries, Greenhouses and Turfgrass Producers (B 1366) Georgia's nurseries, greenhouses and turfgrass businesses are major contributors to Georgia's growing economy, to the beauty of Georgia homes and businesses, and to a better quality of life. When used appropriately, the products and services provided by these businesses enhance the environment of their customers. Thus, it only makes sense that these businesses should use management practices that …

Georgia Grown Pomegranates: A Source of Powerful Phytonutrients (B 1548) Pomegranate is an emerging crop that has been experiencing a significant expansion in Georgia. Pomegranates are excellent sources of sugars, soluble fibers, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals, including polyphenols with strong antioxidant activity. Because of their nutritional content, pomegranates are considered functional foods (foods that provide health benefits in addition to basic nutriti…

Georgia Master Gardener Handbook (AP 106) The Georgia Master Gardener Handbook, 8th Edition, is the official reference text produced by the University of Georgia and developed for Master Gardener training. For more information about the Georgia Master Gardener Extension Volunteer Program, visit www.GAmastergardener.org. This book, published in 2021, is currently available at $95 per copy (including tax). Single copies (no certificate or…

Georgia Onion Research-Extension Report 2012 (AP 109) This publication is a report of 2011-2012 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook — Commercial Edition (SB 28) The Georgia Pest Management Handbook gives current information on selection, application and safe use of pest control chemicals. The handbook has recommendations for pest control on farms, around homes, urban areas, recreational areas, and other environments in which pests may occur. Cultural, biological, physical, and other types of control are recommended where appropriate.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook — Home and Garden Edition (SB 48) The Georgia Pest Management Handbook gives current information on selection, application and safe use of pest control chemicals. The handbook has recommendations for pest control on farms, around homes, urban areas, recreational areas, and other environments in which pests may occur. Cultural, biological, physical, and other types of control are recommended where appropriate.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Alfalfa (SB 28-10) Commercial insect and weed control in alfalfa. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Animals: Livestock, Poultry, and Honeybee (SB 28-11) Commercial insect and parasite control in animals. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Aquatic Environments and Fish Ponds (SB 28-12) Commercial insect and parasite control in fisheries and aquatic environments. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Canola (SB 28-13) Commercial insect and weed control in canola. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Clover (SB 28-14) Commercial insect and weed control in clover. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Corn and Field Corn (SB 28-15) Commercial insect and weed control in corn and field corn. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Cotton (SB 28-16) Commercial insect and weed control in cotton. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Field Peas (SB 28-17) Commercial insect and weed control in field peas. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Forestry and Christmas Trees (SB 28-18) Commercial insect and weed control in forestry and Christmas trees. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Fruit and Nuts (SB 28-19) Commercial insect and weed control in fruits and nuts. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Grain Millet (SB 28-20) Commercial insect and weed control in grain millet. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Grain Sorghum (SB 28-21) Commercial insect and weed control in grain sorghum. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Insecticidal Transgenic Crops (PIP – Plant Incorporated Protectants) (SB 28-05) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Lespedeza Control (SB 28-06) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Mosquito Control (SB 28-07) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Noncropland and Roadside Areas (SB 28-22) Commercial insect and weed control in noncropland and roadside areas. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Ornamentals (SB 28-23) Commercial insect and weed control in ornamentals. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Peanut (SB 28-24) Commercial insect and weed control in peanut. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Perennial Grass, Pasture, and Forage (SB 28-25) Commercial insect and weed control in perennial grasses, pastures, and forages. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Pesticide Rate & Dosage Calculations, Conversion Tables, Calibration Methods, and Honey Bee Protection (SB 28-04) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Pesticide Regulations, Certification & Licensing, Disposal, and Record-Keeping (SB 28-03) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Sesame (SB 28-26) Commercial insect and weed control in sesame. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Small Grains: Wheat, Triticale, Barley, Oats, and Rye (SB 28-27) Commercial insect and weed control in small grains: wheat, triticale, barley, oats, and rye. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Soybean (SB 28-28) Commercial insect and weed control in soybeans. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Stored Product Insect Management (SB 28-08) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Submitting Specimens for Identification (SB 28-02) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Sugarcane (SB 28-29) Commercial insect and weed control in sugarcane. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Sunflower (SB 28-30) Commercial insect and weed control in sunflowers. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Temporary Grazing (Summer and Winter) (SB 28-31) Commercial insect and weed control in summer and winter temporary grazing. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Tobacco (SB 28-32) Commercial insect and weed control in tobacco. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Turfgrass (SB 28-33) Commercial insect and weed control in turfgrass. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Using Pesticides Safely, Pesticide Emergencies, Worker Protection Standards, and Abbreviations & Equivalents (SB 28-01) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vegetables (SB 28-34) Commercial insect and weed control in vegetables. Updated annually.

Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vertebrate Pest and Wildlife Nuisance Control (SB 28-09) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.

Georgia School Garden Calendar (C 1166) The Georgia School Garden Calendar gives school gardeners month-by-month guidance on growing and using a school garden successfully. Each month information is given on the horticulture of the school garden, classroom and curriculum ideas, and administrative and organizational tips.

Geraniums (B 790) Geraniums are among the most popular flowering plants grown in the United States. They are easy to grow and can be used in many types of gardens, such as ground beds, planter boxes, hanging baskets and pots. They are ideal for flanking entrance-ways and adding color to border plantings. This publication explains everything you need to know about growing geraniums.

Get Smart About Identity Theft (B 1435) Your personal identity cannot be taken from you, but your identifying information—your Social Security number and other details about you—certainly can be. If your identifying data is used without your permission for another person's dishonest objectives, you become a victim of an identity theft crime. In this digital age, it is more important than ever to protect yourself from identity theft. T…

Giant Miscanthus Grass as an Alternative Bedding in Poultry Houses (B 1470) Pine shavings are the most popular bedding material used in poultry houses. Due in part to the expansion of the poultry industry, pine shavings are in short supply, and alternative bedding materials are being tested. Giant miscanthus grass (GMG) is one such material. GMG is a perennial grass that is dried and chopped into one-inch pieces for bedding. When compared to pine shavings, GMG is a good…

Global Warming: How Does It Relate to Poultry? (B 1382) This publication provides information relevant for agriculture and other industries that are under increasing public pressure to reduce emissions of certain atmospheric gases. Explanations are given about greenhouse gases, carbon footprints, reducing fossil fuel use, alternative energy sources, manure management and carbon credits. Knowing your carbon footprint or energy use can help poultry produ…

Gloomy Scale Insects: Pests of Trees in Urban Areas (C 1286) Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa) is a serious insect pest that affects maple trees in urban Georgia. It can go undetected for years. Affected trees can show branch dieback and canopy thinning after 6–10 years, when the population reaches extremely high densities. A waxy shield covering protects females from predators and insecticide exposure, and usually gives them a convex shape. The armore…

GPS Guidance Options for Forage Systems (B 1546) Some of the most widely adopted precision agriculture technologies include guidance systems that utilize a Global Positioning System (GPS). Although these technologies are most commonly utilized in row-crop agricultural systems, they also have many potential benefits in forage-based production systems. With so many different options to choose from, it can be a daunting task to determine which tech…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Accessing Resources in Your Community (C 1284-06) Raising grandchildren can be expensive, especially for grandparents with limited budgets. There are many resources in your community that can help make the job of raising your grandchildren easier. If you are struggling to make ends meet, check out the financial resources and services in your community. Your family may be eligible for federal, state, and local financial assistance programs to help…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Caring for Infants and Toddlers (C 1284-08) As a grandparent, you may feel “out of practice” in caring for a very young child. It may have been many years since your own children were young. We know more now about how the brain develops and how to keep children safe. The number of “educational” toys and products may seem overwhelming. What’s a grandparent raising an infant or toddler to do? The first step to caring for your young grandchil…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Disciplining Your Grandchildren (C 1284-14) How do you teach children to behave appropriately, even when you’re not around? The key is effective, consistent discipline. Children are most likely to be well-adjusted when you combine warmth and love with clear rules and consistency. Your grandchildren need to understand that you love them, but they also need to know that there are rules they must follow and consequences for breaking those rule…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Fun Learning Activities for You and Your Grandchildren (C 1284-12) Have you ever heard, “I’m bored!” from your grandchildren? What can you do with your grandchildren that will keep them entertained and learning at the same time? Watching television or movies and playing video games are easy distractions, but not the best solutions for boredom. What children want more than anything else is time with you. There are plenty of things to do that are entertaining, teac…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Grandchildren Stay in Contact with Parents (C 1284-02) When you take on the responsibility of raising grandchildren, you may have to navigate the tricky question of whether and how to help your grandchildren stay connected with their parents. For some grandchildren, video calls or visits with their parents may help them adjust to the change of living in your home. For other grandchildren, visits or calls may add to the children’s stress, or may put th…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Your Grandchildren Deal with the Death of a Parent (C 1284-04) Handling death is always a difficult process. Experiencing grief stretches your emotional resources, and organizing details such as a funeral and burial requires time and planning. For some grandparents, the death of an adult child also means that you must accept responsibility for raising grandchildren. The stress of so many changes at once can be overwhelming for the entire family. Many adults …

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Your Grandchildren Succeed in School (C 1284-11) The goal of school is to prepare children to succeed in their academic, professional, and personal goals. Your grandchild doesn’t have to be the smartest child in the class to be successful in school; they just need to learn and grow. School success requires good study skills and habits, self-confidence, and the ability to make friends. Children are much more likely to succeed in school when their…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Your Preschooler Be Ready for School (C 1284-10) Going to kindergarten is an important step in young children’s lives. As a grandparent raising your young grandchildren, you may wonder how to help your 4- or 5-year-old get ready for kindergarten. What do they need to be able to do? How can you help them learn the skills they need to succeed in school? The following information will help you prepare them for that important transition into element…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Legal Issues in Caring for Your Grandchildren (C 1284-07) As a grandparent raising your grandchildren, you may not have imagined being involved with the legal system. But if your grandchildren live with you for a long time, you may eventually need legal support and advice to provide the best care for them. It’s important for you to understand laws affecting grandparents raising their grandchildren. The following information is a brief introduction to the…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Managing Your Stress (C 1284-03) Have you ever felt overwhelmed by the time and effort you put into raising your grandchildren? When you’re caring for children, it may seem like there are not enough hours in the day. Because you are spending so much time taking care of others, you may have less time to do things you enjoy. But it’s important to take care of yourself so that you have the energy you need to care for your grandchild…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Moving Your Grandchildren into Your Home (C 1284-01) Raising your grandchildren can be both rewarding and challenging. The transition to this new relationship can be stressful for the entire family. While your grandchildren are getting used to a new home and new rules, you must readjust to the responsibilities of parenting. The adjustment will take time and patience on everybody’s part. But with some planning, patience, and a lot of understanding, y…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Out-of-Home Care for Young Children (C 1284-13) Combining grandparenting with full-time or part-time work outside the home can be challenging. Who will take care of your grandchildren while you’re at work? How do you find someone who will help your grandchildren learn and grow so they are ready for kindergarten? Choosing an out-of-home caregiver for your grandchildren is an important decision. It’s crucial that you feel comfortable with the per…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: The Teenage Years (C 1284-09) Have you noticed that being a grandparent changes when children become teens? Adolescence is a time of rapid growth in how teens look, act, think, and feel. With this growth, teenagers begin to need different things out of life. You will need to change your grandparenting style in order to meet the new needs of your teenagers. You may feel like you don’t know them anymore, but don’t be alarmed; mo…

Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: What You Need to Know about Abuse and Neglect (C 1284-05) No grandparent likes to imagine a grandchild being mistreated. But the reality is that children who live in a chaotic home, where chronic problems like family violence or substance abuse take place, are at high risk for abuse and neglect. As you adjust to caring for your grandchildren, you might also have to help them cope with the aftermath of abuse or neglect.

Granulate Ambrosia Beetle: Biology and Management (C 1160) Granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Mot.), is a serious pest of woody trees and shrubs in Georgia. The insect was previously known as the Asian ambrosia beetle. These tiny beetles were first detected in South Carolina in the 1970s and have spread across the Eastern U.S. Woody ornamental nursery plants and fruit trees are commonly affected. In spring or even in late winter (around…

Grape Sour Rot (C 1212) Although grape sour rot can occur in drier climates, the disease complex tends to be especially problematic during wine grape ripening in wet, humid regions. Browning and disintegrating berries and the aroma of vinegar (acetic acid) are a few symptoms that characterize grape sour rot. Sour rot ultimately results in crop yield reduction as damaged berries often “shatter,” or fall off the clusters. …

Grasscycling: Let the Clippings Fall Where They May (C 1031) Grasscycling is the natural recycling of grass clippings by leaving them on the lawn after mowing. Grasscycling saves time, effort and, when done properly, is good for the environment and health of the grass. This publication describes the process of grasscycling, a practical and environmentally responsible way of recycling grass clippings in the landscape.

Gray Leaf Spot in Georgia Turfgrass: Identification and Control (C 1116) In the state of Georgia, gray leaf spot primarily affects St. Augustinegrass and is particularly chronic and damaging in the coastal area of the state. This publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent, detailed descriptions and photos of the disease symptoms, information on conditions favoring the disease, as well as cultural, genetic, and chemical methods of cont…

Grazing Impacts on Pasture Composition (B 1243) Much attention has been placed on the potential negative environmental impacts of grazing; however, grazing can be a powerful tool for improving pasture health and productivity. Grazing diminishes the competitive ability of plants like broomsedge and johnsongrass and improves the competitiveness of bermudagrass, bahiagrass and even clovers. Improper grazing, on the other hand, can decrease the com…

Great Plants Under 20 Feet for Small Spaces (C 999) Well-chosen small trees and shrubs can provide privacy from your neighbors, separation from a road with heavy traffic or a screen to hide unattractive areas. By selecting plants that mature to a height of 20 feet or less, you can create a natural fence.

Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Irrigation and Technology Assessment (B 1275) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with facts and figures, you will then be able to reevaluate your management strategies and determine ways to conserve water and minimize those risks. By following the guidelines, you will be able to establis…

Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Management Assessment (B 1276) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with facts and figures, you will then be able to reevaluate your management strategies and determine ways to conserve water and minimize those risks. By following the guidelines, you will be able to establis…

Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Quality Assessment (B 1277) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with facts and figures, you will then be able to reevaluate your management strategies and determine ways to conserve water and minimize those risks. By following the guidelines, you will be able to establis…

Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Recycling and Water Reuse Assessment (B 1278) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with facts and figures, you will then be able to reevaluate your management strategies and determine ways to conserve water and minimize those risks. By following the guidelines, you will be able to establis…

Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Source Use and Expansion Assessment (B 1274) The Greenhouse*A*Syst publication Series has been developed to assist greenhouse owners with the task of assessing three management issues: Water management, Environmental Risk and Business Profitability. This publication will also help you establish a water conservation document you may find useful if and when state or local water authorities develop policies or implement water restrictions. Most…

Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Use Regulation, Legislative Awareness and Company Water Policy Assessment (B 1279) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with facts and figures, you will then be able to reevaluate your management strategies and determine ways to conserve water and minimize those risks. By following the guidelines, you will be able to establis…

Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation (B 792) This publication contains comprehensive, in-depth information about heating, cooling and ventilating greenhouses.

Grill & Chill: Unleash Flavor Safely with Outdoor Cooking and Grilling (C 1309) Ensure food safety during your outdoor culinary adventures this summer. Whether you are a seasoned griller or a beginner, this guide has you covered with the top 10 tips for a safe and delicious experience. From planning your menu and shopping for fresh ingredients to handling, cooking, serving, and dealing with leftovers, the publication provides step-by-step guidance. Learn how to prevent foodbo…

Ground Covers (C 928) Ground covers have many practical uses. Some can be used to control erosion when planted on slopes or banks. Others are effective lawn substitutes in areas that are too shady to support the growth of grasses or areas that are difficult to mow. Densely growing ground covers also effectively control weeds by blocking light from reaching the ground. Some ground covers can be used as attractive accent…

Ground Covers for Shaded Landscapes in North Georgia (C 1238) This circular discusses the most common ground covers, both native and non-native plants, that are suitable for culture in North Georgia landscapes in shaded areas.

Growing African Violets (C 660) African violets are now among the most popular indoor plants. They are easy to grow and offer a wealth of beautiful flowers.

Growing Bamboo in Georgia (B 1357) This booklet is written in an attempt to filter through much of the available information and make a simple, user-friendly information guide on growing bamboo in Georgia, which has a wide variety of soils and temperate zones.

Growing Bigleaf Hydrangea (C 973) Bigleaf hydrangea, also called French, Japanese, or snowball hydrangea, is a landscape plant. Bigleaf hydrangea can be transplanted to the landscape for repeat blooms each year.

Growing Degree Days for Sweet Corn in Southern Georgia (C 1320) The growth and development of sweet corn is affected by accumulated heat units, measured in growing degree days (GDDs). This publication provides South Georgia sweet corn growers with insights into the relationship between temperature and GDD units and the key growth stages of sweet corn. This will help growers make informed decisions about the timing for planting, management practices, irrigation…

Growing Dogwoods (C 900) One of the most widely planted ornamental trees in Georgia is the flowering dogwood. Dogwoods are not difficult to grow if they are located in the proper site and if healthy trees are purchased and planted properly.

Growing Ferns (B 737) Ferns became popular indoor plants during the Victorian Era. Today, they are used as specimens in atriums, greenhouses and conservatories, and we find them in the smallest apartments and the largest homes. They offer a quiet, graceful beauty by softening landscapes indoors and out.

Growing Hostas (C 955) Hostas are quickly becoming one of the most popular perennial plants grown in our landscapes. Sometimes referred to as plantain lilies, hostas are reliable plants for both shade and partial sun situations. This publication includes variety recommendations.

Growing Indoor Plants with Success (B 1318) Interior plants are an ideal way to create attractive and restful settings while enhancing our sense of well being. In addition, houseplants can be a satisfying hobby and can help purify the air in our homes. To be a successful indoor gardener, you need to understand how the interior environment affects plant growth and how cultivation differs from growing plants outdoors.

Growing Southern Magnolia (C 974) Southern magnolia is an aristocratic tree. It grows well throughout Georgia, is widely adaptable to a variety of soils and has few pest problems. With glossy evergreen foliage and large white fragrant blossoms, it truly is one of the most handsome and durable native trees for our Southern landscapes.

Growing Sunflowers in the Home Garden (C 1121) Sunflowers can be an important addition to the home garden due to their ability to attract beneficial insects as well as serve as a trap crop. Sunflowers also provide a nutritional, edible crop high in protein and low in fat. This publication covers the basics of how to grow and harvest sunflowers in the home garden. The circular introduces the benefits of growing sunflowers as well as multiple us…

Growing Vegetables Organically (B 1011) This publication is a comprehensive guide to growing vegetables organically, including location, planning, irrigation, soil preparation, composting, fertilizers, successive planting and crop rotation, mulching and insect control.

Guide for Interpreting Nematode Assay Results (C 834) This publication is designed to help county agents, Extension specialists and growers formulate and implement nematode management recommendations after sending a soil sample and receiving a nematode assay report.

Guidelines for On-Site Use of Scrap Wallboard in Georgia Residential Construction (C 857) This publication discusses the use of scrap wallboard at residential construction sites.

Guidelines for Prospective Contract Hatching Egg Producers (B 1214) Producing more than 8 billion pounds of chicken meat requires the support of hatching egg producers. Hatching egg production is a very different business from broiler meat production, as it requires different management skills and greater labor commitments. Because of the uniqueness of the hatching egg business and the long-term investment demands for an operator, it is important that prospective …

Guidelines for the Four Rs of Fertilizer Management in Horticultural Crops (B 1531) Excessive fertilization does not equate to greater crop yields. Crop yields are optimized when nutrients are efficiently used, which requires fertilizer applications to be based on the right source, the right time, the right rate, and the right placement. These are referred as the four Rs of fertilizer management, whose purpose is to supply plants’ nutrient requirements, reduce production costs, a…

Guidelines for Using Feeds Containing Aflatoxin in Dairy Rations (SB 57) Aflatoxin is formed in stressed plants by the mold Aspergillius flavus. The mycotoxin is produced by an actively growing mold. The mold can be present without mycotoxin formation or the mycotoxin may be present without the mold. The formation of the mycotoxin can occur during storage if the feed is not kept dry. Aflatoxin can be found in many grains and forages but is most commonly found in corn, …

Haiti Peanut Research Report (B 1499) This report summarizes the findings of field trials and basic data collected in Haiti under the Feed the Future Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab project from 2014-2017. The focus of the research was to improve peanut productivity through management options for foliar diseases, low soil fertility, and other yield-limiting agronomic factors. French translation: https://extension.uga.edu/publicatio…

Halter Training Beef Cattle (C 1207) If you or someone you know is planning to halter train beef cattle, remember that the calf must be coached—it will not instinctively know what to do. Good coaching equals better results. This circular focuses on how to be a good coach during the halter training process for beef cattle.

Harvesting and Propagating Wild Yeast for Brewing Beer (C 1318) Wild yeast fermentations are an emerging trend in brewing that can provide a unique sensory experience for the consumer compared to beers brewed with commercial yeast strains. Wild yeast allows brewers to put a local story behind their beers by using strains isolated from the nearby environment. While wild yeasts can impart fruity, spicy, or sour flavors in beers without the addition of adjuncts, …

Hay Replacement Rations for Cows and Early Weaned Calves (B 1297) Drought can have a double impact on cattle producers. Not only is forage limited during the grazing months, but also the production of hay is limited. With the lack of forage, both grazed and conserved, many producers are looking for sources of feed for their cattle going into the fall and winter. Hay is an option, but it’s not the only option. Hay replacement rations can be an economical option t…

Health Insurance: What You Should Know About Preventive Health Care (C 1120) This circular provides a brief overview of health insurance and common terms associated with health insurance. The publication focuses on preventive health care, specifically common preventive health care services and wellness benefits provided through health insurance plans.

Heat Detection Strategies for Dairy Cattle (B 1212) When the time comes to examine a herd's dairy reproductive management program, producers often want to discuss low conception rates. In most cases, however, inadequate heat detection is the much greater reproductive problem. Heat detection is the first step to getting an animal bred. According to DHIA records, producers in Georgia are only seeing a third of their heats. Missed heats are one of sev…

Heat Pump Dehumidification During the Curing of Flue-Cured Tobacco (RB 439) A study was conducted in order to investigate the incorporation of dehumidification into the curing cycle of flue-cured tobacco. Multiple cures of cultivar K326 flue-cured tobacco were made over three harvesting seasons. Tobacco from the same source and stalk position was cured in a barn coupled to a heat-pump-dehumidifier and, for comparison, in a conventional barn heated with an open flame propa…

Hedge Pruning Pecan Trees in the Southeastern U.S. (B 1557) As pecan trees grow in an orchard, their tree canopies encroach upon one another, causing excessive shading, which can increase alternate bearing intensity and reduce tree health and orchard profitability. Historically, limb pruning and tree removal have been the most common methods of dealing with this problem, particularly in the low-light environment of the southeastern United States. Mechanica…

Help for Homeowner Associations: Your County Extension Agent Has Answers (C 1175) Homeowner associations strive to provide attractive and functional landscapes for HOA members. Your county Cooperative Extension agent is a valuable collaborator in this quest. UGA Extension agents can provide access to university resources and scientific information that may help you manage the community water features, troubleshoot pest problems, update covenants, and more.

Herbicide Injury of Pecan Trees (C 1146) Georgia pecan orchards are often found growing adjacent to fields of annual row crops, timber, and pastures. As a result, the tree canopies of these orchards are susceptible to injury from herbicide drift from the adjacent operations when herbicide applications are made under conditions unsuitable for spraying. Drift may also occur when cotton fields are sprayed with chemical defoliants in the fal…

Herbs in Southern Gardens (B 1170) Growing herbs - both annuals and perennials - is simple and rewarding. A wide variety of herbs can grow in most parts of the United States. Those featured in this publication grow well in the Deep South with its hot, humid summers and fluctuating winter temperatures.

Herd Bull Management: Pre-Breeding Period (C 1062) The pre-breeding period (2 months prior to breeding) is essential for preparing bulls for a successful breeding season. This is particularly important for yearling bulls as they are still growing and will use for energy during their first breeding season. Pre-breeding management should include an adaptation period, breeding soundness exam, health care, exercise, and an evaluation of body condition…

Hiring a Tree Care Service (C 1098) Healthy trees add to property value and have many ecological benefits. Hiring a tree care service is an important decision. The work is often dangerous for the workers and if not properly done, can damage property and damage or kill the tree. These guidelines will help tree owners select a tree care service.

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Animals and Honey Bees (SB 48-03) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers external parasite control in companion animals, flea control products, and honey bee disease and pest control. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchase to be sure it is still labeled for the…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Aquatic Environments (SB 48-04) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers external parasite control in aquatic environments, including fishery chemicals, aquatic weed control, response to herbicides, restrictions, and calculating concentrations in aquatic environments. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, c…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Home Fungicide Guide (SB 48-06) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers fungicides for use in and around your home. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchase to be sure it is still labeled for the use for which you are buying it. For pesticide products you have o…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Home Orchard (SB 48-05) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers pest control in home orchards, including apples, peaches, bunch grapes, muscadines, strawberries, blueberries, and other fruits. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchase to be sure it is sti…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Household and Stored Products (SB 48-07) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers household and structural insect control, tips for hiring a professional pest control company, and management of excess moisture that attracts and sustains pest problems. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product l…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Introduction and Table of Contents (SB 48-01) Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchase to be sure it is still labeled for the use for which you are buying it. For pesticide products you have on hand from earlier purchases, you are allowed to use them until they are depleted without pe…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Organic Strategies for the Garden and Home Landscape (SB 48-09) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers organic gardening practices. The USDA National Organic Program has established rules for commercial organic production. These rules do not apply to home gardeners, but they are a useful guide for choosing organic pest management alternatives. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Ornamentals (SB 48-10) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers pest control in ornamentals, such as indoor plants, flowers, shrubs, and ground covers. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchase to be sure it is still labeled for the use for which you are …

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Pesticide Emergencies, Frequently Asked Questions, and Other Useful Information (SB 48-02) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers what to do in the event of a pesticide emergency, important contacts such as poison control, frequently asked pesticide questions, abbreviations and equivalents, submitting specimens for identification, and instructions for calibrating various types of sprayers. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasin…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Public Health Insect Control Outdoors and Parasites of Humans (SB 48-08) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers pests of public health concern such as mosquitoes, bed bugs, gnats, fleas and ticks, house flies, lice, and more. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchase to be sure it is still labeled for …

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Turf (SB 48-11) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers insect, disease, and weed control in home turfgrass. Care should be taken when using insecticides around any flowering plants when bees are actively foraging. Timing sprays for late afternoon and evening will minimize risks from broad-spectrum contact insecticides. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purcha…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vegetables (SB 48-12) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers insect, weed, and disease control in home garden vegetables. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchase to be sure it is still labeled for the use for which you are buying it. For pesticide pr…

Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vertebrate Pest Control (SB 48-13) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers control of vertebrate pests such as beavers, chipmunks, deer, and bats, as well as repellents and how to manage reptiles, amphibians and birds. Note that prior to killing protected animals in Georgia, it is necessary to obtain a permit from the Wildlife Resources Office of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources. A permit is also required to tak…

Home Emergency Preparedness Checklist (B 1428-1) A two-page checklist of the basic list of supplies you should have ready for emergencies. Keep the items you will most likely need during an evacuation in an easy-to-carry, waterproof container. Be mindful that this is a basic list of supplies. A more comprehensive list can be found in the Home Emergency Management Guide.

Home Fruit Orchard Pruning Techniques (C 1087) This circular is a compilation of pruning techniques for apple, pear, peach, blackberry, blueberry, grapes, and pomegranate. Included are tools for pruning, definitions and descriptions of terms used in pruning, and diagrams illustrating best pruning practices. This work has important and relevant information about pruning and plant care for the home orchardist.

Home Garden Series: Best Garden Vegetable Varieties for Georgia (C 1326) This publication lists vegetable variety recommendations for the state of Georgia. Most of these varieties have been trialed and grown successfully in the state. These are not the only varieties that can grow well in Georgia but provide new gardeners with a starting point to increase their chances of success. Gardeners may need to search print catalogs and online to find the vegetables they are lo…

Home Garden Series: Disease Management in the Home Vegetable Garden (C 862) Plant diseases can be a significant problem in home gardens. Most vegetables are susceptible to a number of diseases. Home gardeners can reduce the occurrence of many diseases with sound cultural practices. This publication discusses managing diseases in the home vegetable garden.

Home Garden Series: Garlic Production for the Gardener (C 854) This publication gives gardeners tips to successfully produce garlic.

Home Garden Series: Georgia Homegrown Tomatoes (B 1271) This publication discusses the basics of growing tomatoes successfully, as well as avoiding common problems encountered by the home gardener.

Home Garden Series: Growing Cucumbers in the Home Garden (C 1034) Cucumbers are one of the most popular crops in today's home garden. This publication helps you to select the varieties to suit your needs.

Home Garden Series: Growing Home Garden Sweet Corn (C 905) Sweet corn is not difficult to grow and, by following the cultural guidelines provided in this publication, you too can enjoy this sweet delicacy.

Home Garden Series: Growing Rutabagas in the Home Garden (C 942) Rutabagas are a cool-season root crop that can be produced in the spring or fall.

Home Garden Series: Heirloom Vegetables in the Home Garden (C 1302) This publication discusses heirloom vegetable choices and some of the common issues that growers may encounter when growing heirloom vegetables in a home garden setting. Additional author: Whitney Richardson, University of Georgia Center for Urban Agriculture, with technical assistance from Makenzie English, University of Georgia Department of Horticulture Program Assistant.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Apples (C 740) Apples are adapted to most areas of Georgia. Although the northern half of the state is best suited for the more "conventional" apple varieties, you can have success in the southern half of Georgia with adapted varieties.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Asparagus (C 1026) For gardeners who are willing to put in a little effort and have some patience, asparagus can be a rewarding and delicious vegetable to grow. This publication explains how to grow asparagus in a home vegetable garden.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Blueberries (C 946) Under good management, the native Georgia rabbiteye blueberry bushes will produce some fruit the second or third year after transplanting. By the sixth year they will yield as much as 2 gallons each and continue to increase as the plants get larger.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Broccoli (C 1022) Broccoli is a cool-weather vegetable that can easily be grown in the garden in early spring or fall. Broccoli belongs to the Brassica family. Research shows that plants from this family are extremely healthy to consume and have the potential to reduce certain types of cancer. This publication describes the basics for growing broccoli in the home garden, from starting the plants from seeds to cooki…

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Brussels Sprouts (C 1069) Brussels sprouts belong to the cole crop family, which includes cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and several leafy greens. The name Brussels comes from the city Brussels, Belgium, where the vegetable first became popular. Brussels sprouts are a cool season vegetable that can be grown both in the fall and early spring. This publication explains the basics on how to grow Brussels sprouts in the home…

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Bunch Grapes (B 807) Bunch grapes are often called “pod” grapes in rural Georgia since they produce large clusters of fruit. Georgia's climate is not well-suited to home garden production of European bunch grapes, but American bunch grapes and hybrids between the two species (French hybrids) grow well in Georgia. If grapes are well cared for and sprayed when diseases and insects threaten, you can expect yields of 20 t…

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Cauliflower (C 1023) Cauliflower is a cool season vegetable that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, and is sometimes considered one of the more difficult vegetables to grow in the home garden. For those gardeners who have a little patience, cauliflower can be an interesting and rewarding crop to grow. Gardeners can now select varieties of cauliflower that range in color from the traditional white to a deep purple. Th…

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Eggplant (C 1028) Eggplant (Solanum melongena) was introduced into the United States by Thomas Jefferson, who brought this heat-loving member of the Solanaceus family from Europe. While the original eggplants actually looked white, similar to chicken eggs, they now come in many shapes, sizes and colors. Eggplant can be grown in all Georgia gardens, and with some care, the harvest can be quite prolific. They can als…

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Figs (C 945) Most people are fond of figs. They are tasty and can be eaten fresh, preserved, or used for baking and making desserts. Figs will do well in most parts of Georgia except the mountainous areas.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Green Beans (C 1006) Green beans are one of the most popular vegetables for the home garden. Fortunately, they are easy to grow as well. This short publication provides basic information on growing green beans in the home vegetable garden.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Lettuce (C 1018) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a cool-season vegetable that can be planted in early fall or early spring in Georgia. This publication discusses growing lettuce in the home garden.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Muscadines (C 949) Muscadines are truly a fruit for the south. Although muscadines can be grown successfully in most parts of the state, they are best adapted to the Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Okra (C 941) Okra is a Southern staple in the home garden and at the dinner table and can be grown throughout the state of Georgia. This vegetable is both easy and fun to grow and can be used in many different culinary dishes and for dried flower arrangements.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Peaches (C 1063) Growing peaches and other fruit trees in Georgia and the southeastern United States is challenging. Peaches are not native to North America; however, many cultivars have been developed for our area, and Georgia has a long history of successful peach production. One must choose the site and the proper cultivar and provide care throughout the year to be successful. This publication includes inform…

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Pears (C 742) Pears are adapted to nearly all of Georgia. It is not uncommon to find trees as much as 50 years old that are still producing fruit.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Peppers (C 1005) The rich, full flavor and freshness of a home-grown pepper just picked from the bush are the gardener's reward for growing their own peppers. Fortunately, the most popular pepper varieties are easy to grow as long as you understand and follow a few basic gardening principles.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Persimmons (C 784) Many of the numerous species of persimmon can be grown in Georgia. Our native persimmon, Diospyros virginiana, is found from Florida north to Connecticut, west to Iowa and south to Texas. This publication covers planting and growing requirements as well as fruiting, harvesting, and insect pest information.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Plums (B 1518) This bulletin offers information about plum production, pruning, thinning, fertilization, and variety selection in the home garden. Plums belong to the Prunus genus and consists of many species of different origins and diverse fruit types. Most commercially grown varieties are derived from either Japanese or Asian plums (P. salicina and its interspecific hybrids) or European plums (P. domestica). …

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Potatoes (C 1011) This publication discusses selecting the right types of potatoes, proper planting, maintenance and troubleshooting problems.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Raspberries and Blackberries (C 766) Blackberries and raspberries are one of the most popular fruits to grow and they are among the easiest for the home gardener to successfully produce. Blackberries and raspberries come as erect types (no trellis required) and trailing types (trellis required), depending on the varieties selected. This publication discusses growing raspberries and blackberries in a home garden.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Strawberries (C 883) Strawberry beds need a small area that receives full sun most or all day to get started. Strawberries will grow well in many types of soil, but the most desirable soil is fertile, medium-light in texture, well drained and with good moisture-holding capacity.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Sweet Potatoes (C 1014) Georgia is the perfect place to grow sweet potatoes (Ipomea atatas). Sweet potatoes are considered a long season crop and Georgia's long, hot summers allow them to grow and mature well here. You might consider adding sweet potatoes to the crops you plan on growing in your garden. This publication contains concise information about growing sweet potatoes in the home garden.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Swiss Chard (C 1039) This publication briefly explains how to grow Swiss chard in the home garden, including soil preparation, planting, culture and fertilization, harvesting, storing and using, problems and a list of suggested varieties.

Home Garden Series: Home Garden Watermelon (C 1035) This publication discusses growing watermelon in the home garden, including transplanting, starting seeds, soil preparation, culture and fertilization, harvesting, storage and use, and problems. It also includes a list of recommended varieties for Georgia.

Home Garden Series: Homegrown Summer and Winter Squash (C 993) Squash are very nutritious, have high fiber content and are high in vitamins A and C. Squash are not difficult to grow. This publication gives information on type selection, planting, harvesting and storage. It also gives you tips on the problems with insects and diseases you may encounter.

Home Garden Series: Using Cover Crops in the Home Garden (C 1057) Cover crops can be an important component to any home garden. They are used for various reasons, including building the soil, controlling soil erosion, and limiting the initiation and spread of certain diseases and insects in the soil. This publication is designed for homeowner and Master Gardener audiences and discusses the benefits, selection, planting and use of cover crops in the home garden.

Home Garden Series: Vegetable Garden Calendar (C 943) The recommendations in this circular are based on long-term average dates of the last killing frost in the spring and first killing frost in the fall. Every year does not conform to the "average," so you should use your own judgment about advancing or delaying the time for each job, depending on weather conditions.

Home Safety Checklist (B 1429) Falls are the leading cause of injury and injury death for people 65 and older. Trips and falls may be caused by a number of potential hazards, including clutter, rugs, furniture, and extension cords. You can reduce the risk of falling by conducting a simple home assessment. Use the checklist in the PDF to identify possible safety problems in your home and then take action to fix the problems. Sta…

Homegrown Cabbage (C 1218) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate) is a cool-season vegetable that is a member of the cole crop family. There are several types of cabbages available to grow, and they can all be eaten raw or cooked in a variety of ways. This publication covers the basics of how to grow cabbage in the home garden, including selection, planting, and maintenance information for growing this popular vegetable.

Homegrown Carrots (C 1232) Homegrown carrots have a unique freshness and juiciness to them and are much more flavorful than their store-purchased counterparts. This publication covers the basics of how to select and grow carrots in the Georgia garden, including planting, maintenance, problems, and variety selections.

Homegrown Pumpkins (C 1206) While pumpkins are edible and grown for both their flesh and seeds, they are more commonly used as fall decorations. This member of the cucurbit family can be found in a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. While pumpkins are not very difficult to grow, they do require a substantial amount of space for their sprawling vines. Selecting the right cultivar and following good cultural practices are k…

Honey Bee Swarms and Bees in Walls (C 824) This circular is for property owners who have unwanted honey bee swarms on their lands or colonies nesting inside walls. It explains these natural processes and gives options for dealing with them.

Honey Bees and Beekeeping (B 1045) Honey bees are commonly kept in artificial hives throughout the United States, and a large and sophisticated beekeeping industry provides valuable honey, beeswax and pollination services. A large section of the industry, well represented in Georgia, is devoted to mass-producing queens and bees for sale to other beekeepers.

Hophornbeam Copperleaf Identification and Control in Peanut (C 882) Hophornbeam copperleaf has become an increasing problem in agricultural fields throughout Georgia. It can occur at densities that have the potential to reduce yields and influence harvest efficiency. Hophornbeam copperleaf is also known as three-seeded mercury.

Horn Fly Control to Increase Productivity in Dairy Heifers (B 1474) The implementation of horn fly control measures, such as aerosols, bait, strips, foggers, dust bags, traps, oilers, ear tags, pour-ons, natural predators, and insect growth regulators is instrumental in reducing the new infection rate, while existing mastitis cases can be eliminated with antibiotic therapy. Such management practices will promote animal health and well-being, enhancing producer pro…

Hort Management: For Landscape Managers (B 1261) HORT Management is an allied program for estimating landscape management costs. This program assists the user in estimating labor, material and equipment costs on a particular job, a break-even price, and bid price on a job. Industry average data and time/task data is used throughout the program, such as the time it takes to mow 1,000 sq. ft. with a certain size mower and equipment cost per hour o…

Hort Scape: For Landscape Installers (B 1317) Hort Scape streamlines the bidding process once the user builds a coded database of plants, including common and botanical names, plant sizes, plant costs, and per plant installation costs. Then, using the bid estimator, the user inputs the plant codes and quantities for the plants used on a particularly job, and the associated information on each plant is brought over from the database to the est…

Household Water Quality Series: Arsenic in Your Water (C 858-12) Arsenic in your drinking water poses a threat to your health. Since private systems are more susceptible to arsenic than public water systems, private well owners should take steps to guard their health. Measures include routine water supply testing and wellhead maintenance and protection.

Household Water Quality Series: Coliform Bacteria in Your Water (C 858-7) This publication contains information about identifying and controlling coliform bacteria in household water.

Household Water Quality Series: Corrosive or Scaling Water (C 858-9) Corrosiveness or scaling is an inherent property of some groundwater and is related to the type of rocks or sediments in contact with the groundwater. Corrosion is caused when water reacts with and dissolves metal plumbing. This can add toxic levels of metals like copper and lead to your water. Other problems associated with corrosive water include: • Deterioration and damage to the plumbing • Wat…

Household Water Quality Series: Disinfecting Your Well Water: Shock Chlorination (C 858-4) Shock chlorination is the process by which home water systems such as wells, springs, and cisterns are disinfected using household liquid bleach (or chlorine). Shock chlorination is the most widely recommended means of treating bacterial contamination in home water systems. This publication contains guidelines for safely and effectively using shock chlorination -- a standard treatment for sanitizi…

Household Water Quality Series: Home Water Quality and Treatment (C 858-3) The quality of your water supply can have both an immediate and a prolonged effect on the health of your household. Many Americans, especially those dependent upon well water, assume that their water is safe and healthy. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. This publication contains basic information about home water quality and treatment.

Household Water Quality Series: Household Water Treatment Techniques and Devices: Activated Carbon Filtration (B 1542) Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is usually produced from charcoal in granular or powdered form. It is a form of carbon that has been processed (activated) to make it highly porous, with a very large surface area available for physical adsorption or chemical reactions. Among others, water treatment is an important application of activated carbon. Activated carbon filters treat gen…

Household Water Quality Series: Household Water Treatment: Mechanical Filtration Methods and Devices (B 1523) Mechanical filtration removes suspended solids and dirt to greatly improve the clarity of water. Various kinds of mechanical filtration methods and devices are available for home water treatments. Primarily, the size of the suspended solids will determine the appropriate type of mechanical filtration device suitable for your unique situation. Consumers interested in filtration devices should discu…

Household Water Quality Series: Household Water Treatment: Oxidizing Filters (B 1563) Private well waters often contain high levels of iron, manganese, and hydrogen-sulfide. While these contaminants are not considered to have any human health consequences, they can cause various issues such as staining, impaired taste, and odor problems once their concentration exceeds certain levels, and homeowners need an appropriate system to remove them—such as an oxidizing filter. Oxidizing fi…

Household Water Quality Series: Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfate (C 858-8) This publication describes hydrogen sulfide and sulfate and its effects on household water quality.

Household Water Quality Series: Iron and Manganese (C 858-11) Elevated levels of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are two of the most common water quality problems in Georgia's groundwater. This circular addresses problems associated with high levels of these two elements, levels considered to be a problem, and treatment options to remove the iron or manganese.

Household Water Quality Series: Lead and Copper (C 858-10) Private wells are exclusively supplied by groundwater. The source waters for most public water systems in south Georgia (and some in north Georgia) are also supplied by groundwater. Generally, lead and copper concentrations in the major underground aquifers in Georgia are far below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) action levels. They enter the household drinking water system and ex…

Household Water Quality Series: Mercury in Your Water (C 858-13) Mercury in your drinking water poses a threat to your health. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set the current standard for mercury in drinking water at 2 parts per billion (ppb). The amount of mercury in public water systems is regulated according to EPA standards. If your water comes from a public system, it is routinely tested to ensure safe mercury levels. However, if you are…

Household Water Quality Series: Nitrate and Nitrite in Water (C 858-5) Private well owners are responsible for the safety of their drinking water. Maintaining a healthy well requires routine testing for possible contaminants, including nitrate and nitrite. To assist in water safety, the EPA has set standards for nitrate levels in public drinking water systems. Although private well owners are not required to meet these standards, they do serve as a reference for safe…

Household Water Quality Series: Pesticides, Petroleum Products, and Other Organic Chemicals (C 858-6) Municipal water systems are required by law to be monitored for many contaminants found in pesticides, solvents, and petroleum products. However, if your water comes from a private well or from a system that serves fewer than 25 people or has fewer than 15 connections, it is not regulated under these laws. The safety of water from these sources is the responsibility of the owners. If you suspect t…

Household Water Quality Series: Protecting Your Well and Wellhead (C 858-1) If you are one of the many Americans who use groundwater for drinking, the proper protection of your well and wellhead is essential for the health of your family, yourself and your neighbors. This publication contains information about protecting your well and wellhead from contaminants.

Household Water Quality Series: Radon in Your Water (C 858-16) Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive gas formed from the decay of uranium and radium found in geologic deposits. Exposure to radon gas most commonly occurs through elevated levels in home air. However, in Georgia and neighboring states there is a lesser, though still significant, risk of exposure to radon dissolved in drinking water. This circular addresses the issues on its occurrence, hum…

Household Water Quality Series: Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfate (C 858-15) This publication explains how to identify and remove hydrogen sulfide and sulfate from household water.

Household Water Quality Series: Testing for Water Quality (C 858-2) The quality and safety of drinking water is of great concern to many Americans today because of an increased interest in health and environmental quality. This new focus on water quality has led many Americans to consider testing their water. This publication is intended to help you understand water testing and to identify the tests needed.

Household Water Quality Series: Uranium in Your Water (C 858-14) Uranium in your drinking water may be harmful to your health. If your water comes from a public system, it is routinely tested to ensure safe levels of uranium. If your source of household water is a private well, cistern or spring, you are solely responsible for the quality of your own drinking water. Private well owners are encouraged to monitor uranium through water testing.

Household Water Treatment: Disinfection Methods and Devices (B 1487) Pathogens in household waters pose a serious threat to human health. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have recorded many drinking water microbial-associated disease outbreaks in the U.S., causing illness, hospitalization, and even death. The two most commonly identified reasons for these outbreaks are the bacterium Legionella spreading from within building plumbing systems (66% …

Housing for Preweaned Dairy Calves in the Southeast (B 1572) This guide to housing preweaned dairy calves is a resource for both farmers and youth participating in livestock projects. Housing can greatly impact the health and growth of dairy calves. Attention to factors that influence feed intake, comfort, and health are necessary for optimum growth and performance of calves, with long-term implication for their future productivity.

How to Control Citrus Leafminers (C 1145) Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is found in Georgia and states along the Gulf of Mexico. Leafminer damage to foliage can stunt the growth of young trees and make trees more susceptible to citrus canker where the pathogen is present. Mature trees can better tolerate the damage although heavy infestations may reduce production. This publication discusses the identification, chemical contro…

How to Convert an Inorganic Fertilizer Recommendation to an Organic One (C 853) Many farmers and gardeners use natural minerals and organic fertilizers rather than synthetic ones to build their soil. If you use organic materials as all or part of your fertilization program, this publication will help you calculate the proper amount to use from the recommendations provided by a soil test.

How to Feed a Horse: Understanding the Basic Principles of Horse Nutrition (B 1355) With so many feed, supplement and hay choices available, many people find themselves wondering exactly what their horse needs for good health and nutrition. Many horse-feeding opinions and myths make deciding what to feed even more difficult. This publication explains your horse's nutritional needs, common guidelines to observe when feeding your horse and how to determine if your horse's nutrition…

How to Generate Income on 20 Acres or Less (B 1551) The idea of producing your own food in a clean, controlled environment is very appealing. While dreams may be big, careful research and planning should be done prior to jumping into any farm venture. Important items such as desire, capital, feasibility, labor, demographics, and marketing all need to be considered.

How to Get Out of Debt (C 1045) Learn about types of credit, how to assess your situation if you are in debt, and how to make power payments to get out of debt fast. Getting out of debt helps financial security and planning for the future.

How to Grow Greenhouse Spinach During Georgia Summers Using Hydroponics (C 1304) Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is an important nutrient-dense leafy green, and its annual per capita consumption has significantly increased over the past decades. Spinach production in Georgia has experienced significant growth in the last few years, with over $400M in annual value, ranked first among all the other leafy green crops. Field spinach production is labor intensive, and the cost of weed …

How to Improve Your Percent Calf Crop (C 672) The number of calves sold is a major source of income from a cow/calf operation. A high percent calf crop increases profit. Reproductive efficiency is the first factor to consider in a breeding program. A beef cow must conceive in the first 40 to 60 days of the breeding season, have a live calf unassisted, breed back to calve every 12 months, and raise a calf that is heavy enough to be profitable.…

How to Safely Make Infused Oils: Best Practices for Food Safety (C 1334) Making homemade infused cooking oils comes with food safety risks, particularly for those infused with garlic and herbs. Infused oils can enhance flavor and food presentation, but the combination of oil, garlic, and herbs creates an anaerobic (low-oxygen) environment, which is ideal for the growth of the bacteria that causes botulism, which can produce a deadly neurotoxin. The publication provides…

How to Start a Community Garden: Getting People Involved (B 1399) Community gardening involves cultivating people and relationships, as well as the soil. There are many ways to start a community garden. The four steps included in this publication provide guidance and suggestions that will help you create a successful community garden.

How to Use a Grazing Stick (B 1567) Grazing management requires accurate estimates of forage availability to adjust forage supply to meet animal needs. However, incorrect forage availability estimates can negatively impact important grazing-management decisions such as stocking rate and grazing time. Visually estimating pasture yield is inexpensive and fast, but untrained persons can give biased and unreliable estimates. One of the …

How Wetlands Benefit Georgia Agriculture (B 1519) Many people view wetlands as “wastelands,” having few virtues. But it is now known that wetlands provide many useful services, from improving water quality to providing habitat for important fish and wildlife. These kinds of benefits would be costly to create, so maintaining natural wetlands is good for both the economy and the environment. Many smaller wetlands occur in Georgia farmlands, and man…

How You Spend Makes a Difference (C 1044) The average family can increase the money available for spending by as much as 20 percent just by paying more attention to where their money goes. Learn tips on how to determine where your money goes and how to develop a plan to rein in spending.

Hunting Billbug: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1173) Hunting billbug, Sphenophorous venatus vestitus (Family: Curculionidae) is an important weevil pest of turfgrass in Georgia. It’s called a “billbug” because of its long snout, or bill, which has small mandibles at the tip. Hunting billbug infestations in turfgrass are not easily detected until the first signs of feeding damage, such as discoloration or irregular patches, appear scattered across th…

Hurricane and Storm Damage to Greenhouse and Greenhouse Crops (TP 120) Hurricanes can cause severe damage to greenhouse structures and crops, both directly and indirectly. Strong winds, heavy rains, and flooding not only impact physical infrastructure, but also damage crops through exposure to extreme conditions. Additionally, disruptions to water, electricity, and logistics complicate production efforts. This publication outlines common types of hurricane damage in…

Hurricane and Wind Damage to Trees and Shrubs in Nurseries (C 1149) Damage to perennial woody trees and shrubs caused by hurricanes or high wind events is often not initially apparent. In some cases, it can take months or even years to manifest, despite plants looking relatively healthy after initial inspection by growers and insurance adjustors. This publication describes common damage seen in perennial woody trees and shrubs after a hurricane or high wind event.

Hurricane Helene Impact Report (AP 133-1) We estimate that Hurricane Helene’s damages to Georgia agriculture and forestry will cost the state economy at least $5.5 billion in 2024 present value. This figure represents the sum of direct crop losses, losses to firms that support agriculture and forestry, losses to workers in those and related industries, and the recovery and restoration costs that firms in these industries will face. The Ge…

Hydroponic Gardening for the Homeowner and Small Grower (C 1315) Important considerations for starting a small hydroponic operation at your home or an urban garden site.

Identification and Control of Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) of Wheat in Georgia (C 1066) Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), also called scab, is a devastating disease that is emerging in Georgia wheat fields. This publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent, and conditions that favor the disease, detailed descriptions of the diseases symptoms, and the latest information on cultural, genetic, and chemical methods of control. The intended audience is producers…

Identification and Control of Leaf Rust of Wheat in Georgia (C 1060) Wheat leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina (formerly known as Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici), is often a destructive foliar disease of wheat in the state of Georgia. Rust fungi in wheat are highly specialized pathogens with narrow host ranges. This circular provides information on symptoms and control of leaf rust for wheat growers in Georgia.

Identification and Control of Microdochium (Fusarium) Patch in Turfgrass in Georgia (C 1265) This publication contains information on Microdochium patch, an emerging disease in the state of Georgia. This circular contains the biology of the causal agent, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms (with detailed pictures), relevant up-to-date information on conditions favoring the disease, as well as cultural, genetic and chemical methods of control. The publication is aimed…

Identification and Control of Powdery Mildew of Wheat in Georgia (C 1059) Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (syn. Erysiphe graminis) is an obligate, host specific fungus that attacks wheat exclusively. The pathogen reduces photosynthesis and increases respiration and transpiration rates in host leaves. Colonized plants lose vigor, impairing heading and grain filling. Heavily colonized leaves can be killed prematurely. This circular provides info…

Identification and Control of Rhizoctonia Large Patch in Georgia (C 1088) Rhizoctonia large patch is the most common and severe warm season grass disease in Georgia and the United States as a whole. This publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent; detailed descriptions of disease symptoms aided by high quality-detailed pictures; relevant, up-to-date information on conditions favoring the disease; and the cultural, genetic, and chemical…

Identification and Control of Spring Dead Spot in Georgia (C 1012) Spring dead spot (SDS) is a persistent and destructive disease of bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) in Georgia. The disease can be problematic on lawns, landscapes, golf courses (bermudagrass greens, tees and fairways) and sports fields. The disease is particularly prevalent and damaging in north Georgia, especially in the Piedmont region. However, SDS can be observed throughout the state after harsh win…

Impact of Grazing and Heat Stress on Intake of Dairy Cows (B 1559) Allowing dairy cows the opportunity to graze pasture is a practice frequently used by dairy producers. Some producers use grazing as the primary source of forage while others use it as a supplement to a partial total mixed ration (pTMR). There are several challenges associated with grazing—especially during periods of heat stress—that producers should take into account to maintain intake and produ…

Impact of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) on Reproduction in Cattle (B 1422) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), commonly referred to as “Rednose,” is a disease resulting from bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). The detriment of the disease, as well as the positive benefits vaccination can have on a reproductive program, needs to be on the forefront of a producer's herd health program.

Impacts of the Great Recession and Drought on the Environmental Horticulture Industry (C 1119) The environmental horticulture industry, unlike many industries, is intricately connected to the national, regional, and local economy as plant and turfgrass sales ebb and flow with economic conditions. This publication updates readers on the national, regional, and local economic factors that have affected the environmental horticulture industry. Since the recession and drought of the mid-2000s, …

Implanting Beef Cattle (B 1302) Implanting nursing calves with a growth stimulant is one of the most economically justifiable practices available in the beef industry. Implants have been shown to increase weaning weights of nursing calves in hundreds of research trials. Stocker and feedlot calves exhibit even greater responses than nursing calves. Implanting returns more revenue per dollar invested than any other management prac…

Importance of Grit Removal from Commercial Shell Egg Processing Wastewater (B 1402) This publication is designed to give commercial egg processors the information they need to understand and effectively deal with the wastewater grit generated from the conveying, washing and grading of table eggs.

Improving Artificial Insemination Techniques (B 1325) Using incorrect A.I. techniques can lower the overall success rate of the A.I. breeding program. Most producers learned correct semen handling techniques and insemination procedures at one time; unfortunately, many have developed bad habits that have lowered their success rates. This publication reviews proper procedures that should help eliminate some of those common mistakes.

Improving Dairy Heifer Reproductive Management (B 1235) Reproductive management of dairy heifers is one area in which many dairy producers can improve. Heifers are the most fertile animals in a herd and should have the greatest genetic potential. Dairy producers need to pay more attention to getting heifers bred sooner and breeding them to genetically superior bulls. This publication describes methods for improving dairy heifer reproductive management.

Improving the Condition of Your Drinking Water Well (B 1152-03) About 95 percent of Georgia's rural residents depend on groundwater to supply their drinking water and farm needs. Wells are designed to provide clean water. If improperly constructed and maintained, however, they can allow bacteria, nitrates, pesticides, or petroleum products to contaminate ground water. These contaminates can put family and livestock health at risk. This assessment allows you to…

Industrial Hemp Production in Georgia (B 1530) With the passage of the 2018 Agriculture Improvement Act (U.S. farm bill), the federal government removed industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from the list of Schedule I drugs and opened up opportunities for farmers to produce this once widely grown crop. At the time of publication, states are currently operating under the 2014 U.S. Farm Bill that allowed pilot programs for hemp production focusi…

Initial Steps for Detecting Plant-Parasitic Nematode Problems in Vegetables (C 1126) Detection of damaging nematode infestations may allow growers to significantly increase crop productivity and profitability. It is imperative that growers test their soil to determine which nematode species are present in their fields as well as their population densities. The best way to detect and identify nematode problems is through collecting soil and/or plant samples and having those samples…

Insect and Arthropod Pests of Southeastern Neighborhoods (B 1412) This publication is a guide to 110 common pest insects found in and around the home, including prevention and treatment options.

Insect Identification Guide for Southeastern Landscapes (B 1409) This publication contains photos and descriptions to help identify pests in Southeastern landscapes. Beneficial and pest insects are both included. NOTE: This publication is designed with tabs and cutouts that are not necessarily apparent when printed on a home printer.

Insect Pests of Non-bearing Pecan Trees (C 1228) As Georgia's pecan production acreage has increased, reports of insect pests that attack younger, less established trees have also increased, particularly infestations by pecan bud moth and ambrosia beetles. This circular summarizes the pertinent insect pests that attack young, non-bearing pecan trees, including key details on their biology, injury, monitoring, and management. This information sho…

Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional (B 1352) This publication will educate pest management professionals about pesticides and instill vigilance in their handling and use. In order to understand how to use chemical pest control products responsibly, PMPs must have a basic understanding of the various definitions associated with pesticides, be able to interpret labels and material safety data sheets (including principles of toxicity), be aware…

Insecticide Resistance Management for Diamondback Moth in Cole Crops (C 899) The diamondback moth is a common pest of crops including cabbage, collards, turnip greens, mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower and other leafy greens. This insect has a long history of becoming resistant to insecticides beginning with DDT in 1953. Since then, DBM has become resistant to each new class of insecticide arriving to the market whenever those insecticides were used intensively and re…

Insurance: Necessity or Nuisance? (C 1111) If you need a particular type of insurance, it is better to have it even if you never use it. The hard part is knowing the difference between insurance you need and insurance you are better off without. Many people purchase insurance without knowing whether they need it or not. Unless you fully understand insurance, you may be wasting money on insurance products you don't need.

Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Built-Financial Capital: The Promise and Potential of Community Development and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-6) Built-financial capital refers to the constructed environment (or infrastructure) and economic resources needed to support community activities and sustain successful community development. Considering the infrastructure as well as the financial resources within a community may provide an important perspective regarding needs as well as opportunities.

Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Cultivating Connections: Social Capital and Community and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-1) Social capital refers to resources resulting from relationships and networks within a community. These resources include the established expectations and practices (or norms) that shape the behavior of community or group members, known penalties for disregarding these norms, higher levels of trust, and the give-and-take transactions necessary for cooperation. These resources typically will enable …

Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Cultural Capital: Strengthening Community Identity and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-5) Cultural capital refers to the resources that make up a community’s tangible and intangible creative assets. Tangible assets can include historical buildings, sites, and other structures, as well as local art, sculptures, and crafts. Intangible assets include community traditions, customs, values, practices, music, and literature, which contribute to a community’s identity and distinguish communit…

Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Human Capital: Developing Communities by Investing in People and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-4) People represent one of the most important local assets available to a community. While a collection of individuals is needed to start and maintain a community, growth and prosperity largely depend on the talents these individuals possess and the contributions they make to ensure that the community thrives. The education, training, and personal characteristics that give rise to these talents are c…

Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Natural Capital: The Foundation of Community Development and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-2) Natural capital refers to a community’s environmental resources, such as air, water, land, forests, vegetation, minerals, fossil fuels, local animal populations, and all other natural resources. These resources can be considered capital assets because of the potential goods and services derived from them, such as food, drinking water, timber, and natural beauty. Natural capital is also the foundat…

Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Political Capital: Power and Influence in Community Development and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-3) Political capital can increase communities’ productive capacity by helping them and their residents achieve specific goals that would be unattainable without it. Political capital refers to the power and influence of communities and groups that are organized around strong relationships and associations.

Introduction to Wine Grape Trellising, Training, and Pruning Terms (C 1162) There are many ways to manage grapevine growth, and many grape-growing regions implement unique and preferred training methods. Vine growth management is achieved by applying a trellising system, which is a framework of metal cross arms, wires, and support posts that are used to direct grapevine vegetation to maximize fruit quality and production. Trellising and pruning combinations will sometimes…

Iron (Manganese) and Sulfur Bacteria in Your Well Water (B 1457) Presence of bacteria in your drinking water supply does not necessarily pose a health hazard. Certain types of bacteria in household water are more of a nuisance issue. Your water may test negative for coliform and E. coli, but it may still contain other bacteria, typically nuisance bacteria. The two most common types of nuisance bacteria are iron (manganese) and sulfur bacteria. Iron (manganese) …

Irrigating Tobacco (B 892) This publication is a comprehensive guide to irrigation methods for tobacco in Georgia.

Irrigation for Lawns and Gardens (B 894) In order to maintain a lush, green lawn and productive garden, supplemental water in the form of irrigation is often needed during peak water use periods. Two basic types of irrigation are suitable for the home landscape: sprinkler irrigation and drip (or trickle) irrigation. This publication contains comprehensive information about irrigating lawns and gardens.

Irrigation Reference Guide for Corn, Cotton, Peanuts, and Soybeans (C 1189) A farm’s return on investment is directly affected by the way water is applied to its crops. The wrong end-gun settings can result in overwatering or underwatering large portions of field acres. Clogged or partially clogged nozzles lead to obvious water shortages that can be visually observed or measured using yield monitors. Systems not properly checked and maintained can lead to significant loss…

Irrigation Water Quality for Agriculture (B 1448) With growing demands for potable (suitable for drinking) water (due to population increase) and expanding irrigated acreage, there is an increased pressure on irrigated farms to consider using nonpotable alternatives. However, low quality irrigation water can adversely affect soil physical conditions and crop production. This publication provides in-depth information on the following aspects of a…

Is My Tree Dying? (C 1100) This publication outlines a tree inspection process that will help the homeowner identity potential problems and more effectively discuss the tree's condition with an Extension agent or certified arborist. The inspection begins at the base of the tree and moves to the canopy, highlighting potential tree health problems.

Is Your Heifer Fit to Show? A Guide to Fitting and Showing Dairy Animals (B 1427) Every animal emerging from the pasture or barn needs time and attention to get her show-ring ready. The showman on the other end of the halter needs to be prepared as well. Faults in either fitting or showing could lead to a less successful show experience than one might have hoped for. This publication offers advice on fitting and showing dairy animals, including the updated PDCA scorecard, maxim…

Is Your Label Gluten Free? (B 1438) With the increased demand for “gluten-free” products in the market place, food processors and manufacturers have started to develop more and more better-tasting and nutritious food products that are also gluten-free. However, the federal food labeling regulations for gluten-free products can be very confusing for small food processors and new food product entrepreneurs. The purpose of this bullet…

Japanese Beetles in the Nursery and Landscape (C 1167) The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera), as the name suggests, is native to Japan and was introduced to the U.S. through the transport of plant material. It is a highly devastating pest, attacking a variety of landscape and garden plants, fruit trees, field crops and turf. This circular provides an overview of Japanese beetles in the nursery and landscape, coverin…

Japanese Maple Scale: A Nursery and Landscape Pest (C 1168) The Japanese maple scale (JMS), Lopholeucaspis japonica Cockerell, is an insect pest of Japanese maples and several other ornamental tree species. This insect sucks out plant juices using its piercing and sucking mouthparts. Because JMS, similar to other armored scales, does not directly feed on the phloem vessels of the host tree, the insect does not ingest excessive amounts of sugars to excrete …

Johnsongrass Control in Pastures, Roadsides, and Noncropland Areas (B 1513) Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) is a warm-season perennial weed in pastures and roadsides throughout central and northern Georgia. Populations may germinate from seed in spring after overwintering in the soil. However, Johnsongrass primarily emerges from dormant rhizomes in areas with a history of infestations. Rhizomes are belowground stems that produce daughter plants and storage reserves for n…

Joro Spider: Trichonephila clavata (C 1273) The Joro spider is native to East Asia and was first detected in Georgia in 2014. It is found in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, and is spreading to adjacent regions. It has one generation per year in its native range. Adult females become sexually mature in September and early October. The female’s body is bright yellow with broad, horizontal bluish-green bands on the to…

Juniper Scale: A Common Scale Insect in Nurseries and Landscapes (C 1317) The juniper scale is a sporadic pest of juniper, cypress, and cedar trees in nurseries and landscapes in Georgia. It is an armored scale, where the wax cover is not a part of its body but can actually be separated from the body. Juniper scale feeds on plant fluid, and heavy infestations can reduce plant vigor, causing needle drop and twig color change from green to brown. Find out how to identify …

Junipers (C 956) Junipers are among one of the toughest plants for the landscape. Their hardy nature and drought tolerance make them ideal choices for many of our southern landscapes. It is impossible to generalize about the growth habit of junipers as the species vary from low-growing ground cover types to larger conical-pyramidal forms. Foliage color varies from lustrous dark green, to light green, blue, silver-…

Keep Your Pets Safe Around Plants (C 1245) House and garden plants may be toxic to cats and dogs. This visual guide will help pet owners learn which plants are safe, as even common plants can be deadly.

Key to Diseases of Oaks in the Landscape (B 1286) This publication contains a guide to diseases of oak trees in the landscape.

Landscape Basics: Color Theory (B 1396) This publication explores color relationships in the landscape, ways of seeing plants in terms of color, and various ways to use color successfully in plant selection and landscape design and composition.

Landscape Basics: Crop Rotation and Cultural Practices Help Reduce Diseases in Seasonal Color Beds (B 1423) Landscape professionals must consider many factors when choosing the right flowering annuals to plant for a particular location. Primary considerations include high visual impact, consistent bloom for color, foliage for texture and color, sun exposure, growth habit and low-water tolerance. Cost plays an important role as well. Many landscapers typically choose common annual ornamentals and tropica…

Landscape Basics: Designing a Quality Control Program for Your Company (B 1420) Well-groomed landscapes are often a result of considerable effort by landscape companies. Employees make them happen with routine care and, above all, attention to detail. A quality landscape and the image employees present on the job speak highly of the professionalism of the firm. Quality control (QC) is everyone's responsibility and an essential part of a landscaper's job. This publication desc…

Landscape Basics: Success with Herbaceous Perennials (B 1424) Whether in a commercial installation or residential garden, perennial plants can be successfully used to offer more landscaping choices, distinguish your firm from the competition and create a niche for your landscape business. Perennial plants are complex, and it is best to contract or hire a professional landscape architect for the design phase and train knowledgeable staff in proper maintenance…

Landscape Design Series: Choosing a Landscape Design Professional (C 1032-1) The landscape is a very important aspect of a home. Having a beautiful, creative and functional landscape requires some understanding of design principles, plant materials and outdoor structural elements. A landscape installation can be very simple or extremely complicated. Designing irrigation systems, outdoor lighting, stone walls and patios requires skills that go beyond those of the average ho…

Landscape Design Series: Drawing a Landscape Plan - Site Analysis (C 1032-4) Designing a beautiful landscape for the home can be a very enjoyable and satisfying experience. With a little homework, a landscape plan is within reach of most homeowners. Before great ideas can become a plan, you must determine the limitations and assets of the site. This publication briefly describes how to create a site analysis for landscape design.

Landscape Design Series: Drawing a Landscape Plan, The Base Map (C 1032-3) Preparing a landscape plan can be an enjoyable and satisfying experience if you do a little homework and follow a few guidelines. A simple landscape base map can be drawn without a computer, special software or even expensive drafting supplies, and is the first step in developing a landscape plan. The base map is an accurate representation of the existing landscape, scaled to fit the paper, showin…

Landscape Design Series: Working with a Garden Designer (C 1032-2) Designing a landscape is much like designing the interior of a house. Colors, patterns and textures must be arranged in a manner that is functional and suits the taste of the owner. The one major difference with landscape design is that most of the elements are living, providing seasonal change, forever growing taller and wider, and occasionally dying. An experienced garden designer has the abilit…

Landscape Plants for Georgia (B 625) This publication includes a list of good plants for Georgia organized into various sizes and groups. The design qualities of plants—their form, size, color and texture—are emphasized according to the principles and requirements of good landscape design and plant maintenance. Hardiness and disease and insect resistant qualities are also considered.

Lantana Lace Bug Biology and Management (C 1262) The lantana lace bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål (Tingidae: Hemiptera), is a serious pest of lantana (Lantana camara L.). Although lantana is regarded as an invasive weed both in the United States and worldwide, many popular cultivars continue to be planted in residential and public ornamental landscapes and gardens. Previously, the lantana lace bug was deliberately introduced to several countries…

Larger Canna Leafroller: A Major Insect Pest of Canna Lily (C 1233) An introduction to the larger canna leafroller, plus information on biology and management.

Lawns in Georgia: Establishment (B 1533-2) Turfgrass enhances the landscape in ways that can be particularly important in urban environments. Turf is one of the most effective plant covers to reduce soil erosion and surface runoff while recharging ground water, which results in more efficient use of rainfall. In most landscapes turf occupies the largest area and provides an ideal surface for outdoor activities. It begins with selecting the…

Lawns in Georgia: Selection and Species (B 1533-1) An attractive lawn adds beauty and value to any property and is one of the most versatile and functional plants in the landscape. Turf is one of the most effective plant covers to reduce soil erosion and surface runoff while recharging ground water, which results in more efficient use of rainfall. It begins with selecting the best adapted species and cultivar for an individual site.

Leafspot Diagnosis and Management in Bermudagrass Forages (C 887) Bermudagrass leafspot is a disease that decreases yields, nutritive value and palatability. This publication discusses leafspot diagnosis and management in bermudagrass.

Leasing Smart in Georgia (C 1217) This publication offers guidance on shopping for rental housing, leasing, moving in, handling repairs, dealing with problems, paying rent, moving out, and fair housing. For more information about renting, visit dca.ga.gov to see the Georgia Department of Community Affairs Landlord-Tenant Handbook, which provides valuable information about the responsibilities and rights of landlords and tenants in…

Leave it at the Door: A Guide to Reducing Contaminants in Your Home (C 1070) There may be insect fragments, lead dust, pesticides, pollen, dust mites, animal dander, hair, human skin flakes, fungal spores, or cigarette ash in household dust. Around 30 to 40 percent of the contaminants inside your home are brought in from outdoors. Dust gets into your home on shoes and clothing, or pets can track contaminants in on their paws and fur. Not surprisingly, the greatest concentr…

Lespedeza Identification and Control in Turfgrass (B 1395) This publication describes ways to identify and control Lespedeza in turfgrass, including cultural control methods, preemergence herbicides and postemergence herbicides.

Life Hacks for Wanna-be-Well-Adjusted 20-Somethings (C 1115) Graduating from college is a time of difficult transition for many young adults. This circular is a research-based guide giving practical tips to assist recent college graduates in transitioning to their new role as adults in the workplace and beyond.

Litter Quality and Broiler Performance (B 1267) Quality of chicks, feed and water are all of great concern to broiler producers, but quality of litter in broiler houses is seldom given sufficient emphasis. This is unfortunate because birds are in continuous contact with litter. Litter conditions significantly influence broiler performance and, ultimately, the profits of growers and integrators. Litter is defined as the combination of bedding ma…

Low-Volume Irrigation Systems for Blueberry with Chemigation and Fertigation Suggestions (B 1504) Drip, trickle, microemitters, and subsurface irrigation systems are considered low-volume irrigation. Low-volume irrigation systems are designed to improve irrigation efficiency, delivering water to the crop accurately with minimal water loss. Irrigation efficiency can be categorized into two main concepts: water loss and uniform application. If water loss is significant, or application uniformity…

Macrocybe titans: Largest Mushroom Species in the Western Hemisphere Found Growing in Georgia (C 1033) This publication describes Macrocybe titans, the largest mushroom species in the Western Hemisphere, which has been found growing in Georgia.

Maintaining a Clean Water Trough for Cattle (C 1264) Clean water for cattle is important for animal health and production and water delivery systems require routine maintenance and monitoring.

Maintaining Commercial Citrus in Georgia (B 1520) Dooryard citrus has been grown in Georgia for decades, but growing citrus commercially is new to Georgia growers. This publication addresses problem prevention, maintenance, insects, diseases, and some physiological issues of concern in Georgia. The time of year to address maintenance, insects, disease, and physiological issues is projected. Many of the production practices in Georgia are similar …

Maintaining Good Egg Quality: A Guide for Small Producers (C 1230) The quality of an egg involves both the exterior and interior qualities of the egg. Egg quality includes the cleanliness of the shell, soundness of the shell, thickness of the albumen, and color of the yolk. Good egg quality is critical to maintaining the hatching potential of eggs, as improper handling or storage of eggs will reduce the ability of the eggs to hatch and produce good quality chicks…

Make Every Drop Count: Managing a Water-Wise Landscape (C 895-4) Water-wise landscapes not only save water, they save time by requiring less routine care than most traditional landscapes. This publication offers guidelines to help you achieve these goals and conserve water when managing your landscape.

Make Every Drop Count: Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants (C 895-3) Planting ornamental plants correctly increases their survivability and performance in the landscape, and it helps them develop a vigorous, healthy root system that increases their drought tolerance during periods of limited rainfall. This pubication provides research-based guidelines for proper planting.

Make Every Drop Count: Xeriscape - Seven Steps to a Water-Wise Landscape (C 895-1) A landscape designed, installed and managed according to Xeriscaping's seven steps uses up to 50% less water than a traditional landscape. And, a well-designed water-wise is just as attractive as a traditional landscape.

Management Guide for the Backyard Flock (C 969) This publication focuses on raising a small flock of chickens (50 or less) for meat and eggs (either for hatching or eating).

Management of Insects for Vegetable Production in Georgia, Part 1: Diamondback Moth and Pepper Weevil (C 1171) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZsrOFvQ-dc

Management of Insects for Vegetable Production in Georgia, Part 2: Whiteflies (C 1172) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZuRBADMaVg

Management of Turfgrass Insect Pests and Pollinator Protection (C 1127) Turfgrass is an important component of many landscapes. Research has shown that landscapes support diverse, abundant, and intact bee communities in New York, California, and Ohio. In fact, the abundance and diversity of bees visiting home landscapes have been observed to approach, and even exceed, numbers in nearby natural and/or agricultural systems. If the turfgrass has been treated or is being …

Management Recommendations for Spotted Wing Drosophila in Organic Berry Crops (B 1497)

Management Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress, Prevent Mastitis and Improve Milk Quality in Dairy Cows and Heifers (B 1426) This publication describes management strategies to reduce heat stress, prevent mastitis and improve milk quality in dairy cows and heifers.

Managing Algal Blooms and the Potential for Algal Toxins in Pond Water (B 1445) Certain algae can cause serious problems when they become very abundant in drought, hot weather, unusual rainfall patterns, or after nutrient accumulation in pond water. Fortunately, most ponds do not experience toxin problems or dense algal blooms. Watching for the warning signs that lead to toxic algal bloom development is the best way to prevent toxin problems. This publication describes how t…

Managing and Feeding Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather (B 956) Hot and humid environmental conditions stress the lactating dairy cow and reduce intake of the nutrients necessary to support milk yield and body maintenance. In Georgia, weather conditions are sufficiently hot and humid to reduce performance of dairy cows for five months or more each year. This publication presents methods that can be used to minimize the stress on dairy cows during hot weather a…

Managing Bermudagrass Stem Maggots (B 1484) This publication summarizes the latest and most relevant information regarding the management of the bermudagrass stem maggot (BSM), including biological, cultural, physical and chemical mitigation strategies. In addition to information about how to control the pest, this bulletin provides detailed information about the history, identification, and biology of the bermudagrass stem maggot.

Managing Endometritis in the Dairy Herd (B 1450) When it comes to managing a dairy herd, infections and inflammation of the cow's uterus can have negative implications for animal welfare, milk production, and rebreeding capacity. Maintaining uterine health is essential for proper ovarian function and the creation of a uterine environment that is favorable for successful pregnancy. Although all production species can suffer from disruptions to ut…

Managing Fish Ponds During Drought (SB 49) Dry weather tests pond design limits for water retention, watershed area and depth. Without adequate rainfall, ponds and the property around them lose value and the pond owner can lose the fish or have to spend substantial amounts of money for weed control or pond renovation. Over the past decade, drought conditions have been the normal weather pattern across the southeastern United States. Pond d…

Managing Imported Fire Ants in Urban Areas (B 1191) Imported fire ants interfere with outdoor activities and harm wildlife throughout the southern U.S. Ant mounds are unsightly and may reduce land values. Although fire ants do prey on flea larvae, chinch bugs, cockroach eggs, ticks and other pests, the problems they cause usually outweigh any benefits in urban areas. While it is not possible to eradicate this species, controlling fire ants is highl…

Managing Joro Spiders in the Landscape (C 1289) The publication gives basic biology and description, with images, of the spider's immature and adult forms, along with recommendations for managing them around the home. The Joro spider is a native of Japan and East Asia that was first documented in the United States in 2014 in northeast Georgia. The initial population appeared to be centered around Braselton and Hoschton, GA, along I-85. By 2022,…

Managing Mastitis in Dairy Heifers to Improve Overall Herd Health (B 1416) Prevalence of mastitis in unbred, breeding-age and pregnant dairy heifers is higher than formerly realized. Infected mammary quarters, especially those with Staph. aureus IMI, exhibit reduced mammary gland secretory potential, marked leukocyte infiltration and the accompanying inflammation. Both nonlactating and lactating commercial antibiotic infusion products have been used successfully to cure …

Managing Mastitis through Proper Dry-Off Procedures (B 1447) Research has demonstrated that proper dry-off methods are vital in promoting udder health during the nonlactating period and at calving. For high producing cows, it may be necessary to decrease dietary energy over the last 1-2 weeks of lactation by increasing fiber and eliminating grain. Abrupt cessation of milking is probably as good as intermittent milking with a diet change for low and medium p…

Managing Organic Refuse: Options for Green Industry Professionals (C 982) This publication explains some of the options available to Green Industry professionals for dealing with these organic materials.

Managing Root-Knot Nematodes in Georgia Watermelons (B 1529) Root-knot nematodes are highly adaptable, obligate plant parasites (parasites that cannot reach adulthood without a host) that attack plant roots and establish a prolonged relationship with their hosts. There are three common species of root-knot nematodes known to parasitize watermelon in the U.S.: the southern root-knot, M. incognita, the peanut root-knot, M. arenaria, and the Javanese root-knot…

Managing the Pregnant Mare (B 1465) To have a successful equine breeding program, producers must be able to ensure delivery of a healthy foal while maximizing the health of the mare. The information in this bulletin is designed to provide basic concepts in pregnant mare management.

Marketing Assistance Loans and Loan Deficiency Payments for Upland Cotton (C 1194) The Agricultural Act of 2018 (2018 U.S. Farm Bill) extended the cotton commodity loan programs for the 2019 through 2023 crop years. Cotton commodity loan programs include the marketing assistance loan (MAL) program and the loan deficiency payment (LDP) program. These programs provide cotton producers with alternative marketing tools during periods of low cotton prices. Cotton producers can receiv…

Maximizing Poultry Manure Use through Nutrient Management Planning (B 1245) This publication provides current information about the appropriate application and most effective use of poultry fertilizer. It will also help poultry producers develop a simple nutrient management plan that meets permitting authority standards.

Maximizing the Value of Georgia-Grown Satsumas Through Food Innovation (B 1561) Additional author: Emma Moore, Department of Food Science & Technology. Satsuma oranges are a fast-growing commodity in Georgia. Satsumas are natural and excellent sources of sugars, organic acids, soluble fibers, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and essential oils. Because of their nutritional content, satsuma oranges are considered functional foods (foods that provide health benefits and esse…

Maximum Ingredient Level Optimization Workbook for Estimating the Maximum Safe Levels of Feedstuffs (B 1469) New feed ingredients are evaluated and introduced to the feed industry every year. The evaluation process is necessary and includes feeding birds different levels of the test ingredient to estimate the maximum safe level (MSL). The MSL is usually estimated with a multiple range test, ignoring the fact that this test is inappropriate for this type of feeding trials where the independent variable is…

Measuring Field Losses from Grain Combines (B 973) Harvest losses can rob you of profit from grain and bean production. Harvest losses of 10 percent or more are not unusual, when they should be in the 2 to 4 percent range. If you do not check losses behind your combine, you have no idea what the losses are and where they occur during harvesting. The following procedure outlines how to measure losses during harvest. It also shows you where the loss…

Measuring the Dry Matter Content of Feeds (SB 58) Adjust rations for the dry matter (DM) content of each feed, especially when wet feeds, such as silage, are fed. Small changes in the DM content will change the nutrient profile of the ration. The potential results of not monitoring the DM content of wet feeds and adjusting rations accordingly are a combination of problems including decreased animal performance and feed efficiency and increased he…

Meat Goat Production in Georgia (B 1168) Goats are the most widely-dispersed meat animals and have been raised for centuries to provide meat, milk, fiber, cashmere and leather. Due to their small size, adaptability to harsh environments and availability, they have been more popular in nations lacking refrigeration, animal management skills and modern transportation. This publication deals solely with Spanish or meat-type goats in Georgia…

Mechanical Transplanters for Tree Fruit and Vegetable Seedlings (B 1576) Transplanting is the process in which seedlings are transferred from a specific place where they were sown to the soil where they will develop and produce. This process is an extremely important step in fruit and vegetable production as it helps with the initial establishment of the crop. Mechanical transplanters have emerged as important agricultural machines for farmers, and are designed to auto…

Methods of Irrigation Scheduling for Vegetable Production (C 1181) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmj_7_FfZUA

Microalgae Utilization in Wastewater Treatment (B 1419) Low-energy input systems that utilize microalgae and the natural biological process of photosynthesis can drive efficient wastewater treatment systems. This publication describes the use of microalgae in wastewater treatment.

Millipedes and Centipedes (B 1088) Millipedes and centipedes do not carry diseases that affect people, animals or plants. Millipedes do occasionally damage seedlings by feeding on stems and leaves, and may enter homes in large numbers during periods of migration and become a considerable nuisance. They do not cause damage inside the home, although they may leave a stain if they are crushed. Centipedes, which have poison glands and …

Mineral Supplements for Beef Cattle (B 895) Beef cattle require a number of minerals for optimal growth and reproduction. Selecting the correct mineral supplement is important for maintaining healthy animals, and optimal growth and reproduction.

Minor Fruits and Nuts in Georgia (B 992) Many types of fruits and nuts can be grown in Georgia due to our mild climate. This publication provides an outline of the culture and management of the exotic and uncommon fruits and nuts that can be grown in Georgia.

Mislaid Egg Management in Cage-Free Hen Houses (C 1254) Researchers have investigated the issue of mislaid eggs in cage-free housing and the possibility of reducing the incidence of floor eggs through management of lighting, litter and bedding, and nesting space, and the use of robotics. Methods with potential for managing mislaid or floor eggs in cage-free layer houses can be summarized as follows: 1. House-lighting time management: In cage-free aviar…

Mite Management in Turfgrass (C 1178) Plant-feeding mites can cause serious damage in turfgrass systems, and drought-stressed turfgrass is particularly prone to mite infestation. Mites are generally active in turfgrasses from spring into fall. They feed on plant sap and, in some cases, also inject toxins into plant tissues or manipulate plant growth, thereby producing characteristic symptoms. Some mites do not directly damage the turf…

Mite Vector of Rose Rosette Virus (C 1176) Rose rosette virus vectored by eriophyid mites can cause major problems for nurseries, landscapers, and gardeners alike. The spread of this mite and virus can cause serious damage to plants, decreasing profits for nurseries and landscapers. The virus causes the plants to become undesirable and will eventually result in the death of the plant, which affects all segments of the rose industry as well…

Mold, the Uninvited Guest Series: Preventing Mold in Your Home (C 1047-1) Mold in your home is not only unsightly, it can also cause health problems. If you have mold growing in your home, you may experience allergy-like symptoms, asthma attacks, or other negative health effects. No one wants to live in a home with mold, but unless preventative steps are taken, mold can go from being an unwanted visitor in your home to a permanent resident. Molds are fungi that reprodu…

Mold, the Uninvited Guest Series: Removing Mold in Your Home (C 1047-2) Mold grows from spores, which are found naturally in the air and cannot be seen by the naked eye. Mold spores act like seeds, causing mold to grow under the right conditions. Mold itself is usually easy to detect. While testing is sometimes used to determine the presence of mold, it is generally not necessary or recommended. Usually a quick investigation with your eyes and nose can tell you if mol…

Mole Crickets in Turf (C 918) Mole crickets are serious pests of Georgia turf. Estimates of mole cricket losses in commercial, recreational and residential sod now exceed $20 million annually. Weather and soil conditions in Georgia’s Coastal Plain region are ideal for mole crickets, and damage continues to increase.

Mortality Composting Basics for Poultry Producers (B 1408) Composting is an age-old practice that has been adapted as a means of daily animal mortality disposal and can be beneficial for the environment. This publication describes how to compost poultry mortalities.

Mortality Management Options for Georgia Poultry Producers (B 1244) Poultry production facilities must deal with the disposal of farm mortalities on a daily basis. Death loss in animal production is an unfortunate reality that requires appropriate handling to prevent the spread of disease, the potential for odor and pest problems, and the possible contamination of surface and ground water. Each disposal method has advantages and disadvantages. Regardless of the me…

Mosquito Biology and Behavior (C 1155) This circular provides concise and accurate information describing mosquito biology and behavior. The publication describes the history of mosquitoes in Georgia and ways to prevent mosquito-borne diseases. Mosquitoes affect a large segment of the public, and mosquito control is most efficiently conducted in an integrated manner. This information will help homeowners address mosquito problems on th…

Mosquito Control Around the Home (C 1266) Mosquitoes are one of the most common insect pests that homeowners encounter. This circular introduces a few of the basic techniques and materials that homeowners can use to safely reduce mosquito populations around the home. Becoming familiar with mosquito biology is the first step in using an integrated pest management approach to efficiently and effectively reduce mosquito populations. By learn…

Mouse Ear of Pecan (C 893) Mouse ear of pecan is a growth abnormality resulting from a deficiency of nickel in the pecan tree. Only recently, the discovery was made that mouse ear indicates a severe nickel deficiency. The disorder occurs most frequently on newly transplanted trees in established orchards, but can also occur on sites where pecan has not previously been grown.

Mulching Vegetables (C 984) Mulch should be easily obtained, inexpensive and simple to apply, although availability and cost vary from region to region. You can usually find mulching materials in your own yard, at garden centers or from tree-service firms. This publication includes a list of mulching materials, with emphasis on their advantages and disadvantages.

Muscadine Grape Management (C 1303) This phenology-based muscadine grape management poster provides a reference for sound viticultural, disease, and insect management practices in a digestible format. Produced in cooperation with University of Tennessee, North Carolina State University, University of Arkansas, and Auburn University. A publication of the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium.

Native Plants for Georgia Part I: Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines (B 987) This publication focuses on native trees, shrubs and woody vines for Georgia. It is not our intent to describe all native species — just those available in the nursery trade and those that the authors feel have potential for nursery production and landscape use. Rare or endangered species are not described. Information on each plant is provided according to the following categories: Common Name(s)…

Native Plants for Georgia Part II: Ferns (B 987-2) There are about 12,000 species of ferns in the world today. Most are found in the tropics. Currently, Georgia is home to 36 genera, 119 species and 12 hybrid ferns. The list is constantly expanding as new plants are found. To grow ferns successfully, it is important to match the site characteristics and growing environment with the native requirements of the fern species you intend to grow. Even i…

Native Plants for Georgia Part III: Wildflowers (B 987-3) This publication is a comprehensive guide to growing and identifying native wildflowers suitable for planting in Georgia. The term “wildflower” in this publication is a general term used to define both annual and perennial native herbaceous plants with showy flowers that have evolved with an ecosystem and grow naturally without either direct or indirect human intervention. NOTE: This publication…

Native Plants for Georgia Part IV: Grasses and Sedges (B 987-4) This publication describes and illustrates 48 grasses and 10 sedges native to Georgia. It is not the intent of the authors to describe all native grasses and sedges, but those that are most widespread or those having practical application for wildlife habitats, erosion control, restoration projects or landscape culture. A few of the plants are noted as being weedy or invasive and may not be approp…

Native Plants of North Georgia: A Photo Guide for Plant Enthusiasts (B 1339) This publication is intended to be a quick guide for plant enthusiasts of North Georgia. Each plant listing is accompanied by a photograph and a brief plant description. The description contains the common name, scientific name, leaf description, flower description, habitat and plant uses.

Native Plants, Drought Tolerance, and Pest Resistance (C 1122) Native plants are a great choice for Georgia landscapes. They provide food and habitat for native insects, birds, and other creatures and allow the gardeners to support local ecosystems. They are well suited to their native environments and many are quite beautiful. However, they are not super plants! They need to be sited in locations that closely match their native habitat, and the general publi…

Natural Enemies of Pests in the Southeast Blueberry Systems of Georgia (B 1562) Blueberries are becoming the state fruit of Georgia with considerable acreage planted. Blueberries have many pest challenges and a current invasive pest challenge from spotted wing drosophilia (SWD). While efforts are underway to release new biocontrol agents for SWD, we still know little about the natural enemies in blueberry systems. Here we provide an overview of common natural enemies and cons…

New Trial Tropical Container Gardens (B 1361) With increased urbanization, container gardens continue to enjoy popularity and brighten up patios and balconies. For many reasons, tropical plants have become a staple in container gardens traditionally filled with herbaceous annuals, bulbs, succulents, perennials and woody plants.

Nitrate Toxicity (C 915) This publication summarizes the effect that high nitrates have on the animal, presents the conditions to expect in toxic concentrations of nitrates, and outlines strategies that could prevent or reduce the risk of nitrate toxicity.

Novel Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue (C 861) This publication outlines plant persistence and animal performance characteristics of novel endophyte-infected tall fescue and provides recommended pasture renovation practices.

Nozzle Selection for Sprayers Equipped with Pulse Width Modulation Technology (C 1305) Pulse width modulation (PWM) technology is becoming a standard option on most new agricultural sprayers because of its ability to precisely regulate both flow rate and pressure over a wide range of travel speeds. This publication provides information on nozzle selection for sprayers equipped with PWM technology, including how to use PWM nozzle selection/tabulation charts, other useful online tools…

Nuisance Myths and Poultry Farming (B 1299) This publication provides factual information about three common myths of poultry farming: that poultry farms will ruin the environment, that they smell, and that the air exhausted from poultry houses will damage property and cause health concerns.

Nursery Crop Selection and Market Implications (B 1398) Each year, one of the first questions both seasoned and new nursery producers, managers and owners asks is, “What plants should be propagated and/or grown in the upcoming season(s)?” Answering this question requires a complex equation of inputs ranging from the type of nursery operation that exists to physical location and market trends. For this reason, the answer to this question varies for each…

Nutrition for the Backyard Flock (C 954) Providing the right nutrition for your chickens means ensuring that what they eat supplies all of the essential amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water that they will need to produce the meat or eggs you hope to collect. This publication provides an overview of what you should look for when choosing poultry feed and how to choose a diet that is appropriate for variou…

Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders of Southeastern Beef Cattle (B 1503) In the Southeastern U.S., beef cattle producers focus on forage management and maximizing the grazing season. To that end, Southeastern cattle spend the vast majority of their lives either grazing or consuming stored forage. Cereal grains and coproduct feeds are also commonly used nutritional supplements for cattle in times of elevated nutrient requirement. Any disease or disorder in the beef herd…

Nutritional Deficiencies in Vegetables (B 1569) This brief guide covers nutrient deficiencies and their symptoms in common vegetables. Makenzie English, Horticulture Program Assistant, is co-author on this publication.

Nutritional Response Determination Optimization Workbook v. 1.0 (B 1468) An Excel workbook, Nutritional Response Determination Optimization (NuRDO). has been developed to simulate the optimal number or nutrient levels and replicates per level when planning nutritional requirement studies. With NuRDO, researchers can simulate data from what they think is the real shape of the response curve. They can then run up to 1,000 simulated experiments to see the combination of …

Nutritional Response Models: A Workbook to Fit Data From Nutritional Experiments to Several Models (RB 440) This Excel workbook will allow you to fit data from nutritional experiments to several models. It includes a PowerPoint presentation that shows you how to use the Excel workbook to fit several regression models to experimental data. The models may be used to estimate nutritional requirements or the most economical feeding levels of critical nutrients. All you need is Microsoft Excel (with macros e…

Nutritional, Environmental and Cultural Disorders of Pecan (B 1332) Although many problems regarding pecan production result from pest or disease pressure, the crop may also be adversely affected by nutritional imbalances, nutrient deficiencies, or environmentally induced disorders. These are some of the more difficult problems to diagnose. Some nutrients may be more available than others on certain soil types and under certain soil conditions. Additionally, compl…

Oak Lecanium: An Insect Pest of Trees in Landscapes (C 1285) Oak lecanium, Parthenolecanium quercifex (Hemiptera: Coccidae), is a common soft scale insect pest of oak trees and other woody plants. They infest trees under high stress, such as those planted in parking lots, greenscapes, and other urban areas. Like other soft scale insects, oak lecanium scales feed on tree sap, and they excrete the excess sugars as honeydew. Sooty mold fungus grows on honeydew…

Oat Diseases in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1263) This publication contains information on the most important and common diseases of oats, the biology of the causal agents, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms, relevant up-to-date information on conditions favoring the diseases, as well as cultural, genetic, and chemical methods of control. The publication is intended for producers, crop consultants, county faculty, students,…

Onion Production Guide (B 1198) This publication represents the latest information available on the commercial production of short-day onions in south Georgia.

On-Site Beneficial Use of Scrap Wallboard in Georgia Residential Construction (B 1223) As tipping fees have risen, interest has increased in finding alternative uses for construction wastes. Many homebuyers are also looking for environmentally sensitive building practices. This includes the recycling and reuse of construction debris rather than disposal. One of the largest waste components in residential construction is gypsum wallboard. In many cases, scrap wallboard can be ground …

On-Site Reuse of Ground Wood Waste from Georgia Residential Construction (B 1294) Currently, most construction waste is put in dumpsters and taken to a construction and demolition (C&D) landfill. However, several residential construction wastes can be recycled or reused as part of a “green” building practice. These include cardboard, metals, scrap wallboard, and wood waste. This publication provides you the information you need for on-site reuse of wood wastes at a residential …

Orange Felt (Orange Cane Blotch) of Blackberry (C 892) The orange felt (also known as orange cane blotch) disease of blackberry is prevalent in the south. Where ideal environmental conditions occur, this disease may girdle canes or exacerbate other cane diseases, causing subsequent decline and death.

Organic Cool-Season Vegetable Crop Rotations for the Southeast (B 1498) Interest in organic food has been growing over the past twenty years. In Georgia, growing conditions during the summer are particularly difficult for organic producers due to high insect, disease, and weed pressure. However, pest pressures are much reduced when the weather cools. The moderate conditions of late fall to spring are ideal for production of many cool-season crops in the Southeast, inc…

Organic Cover Crop Seed Production in Georgia (B 1436) Cover crops are in essential part of an organic production system. Cereal rye and crimson clover are cover crops that are commonly used. If organic cover crop production is a viable enterprise for growers, it could improve the availability of varieties adapted to the Southeast; provide a source for locally grown seeds; and be another profit center for growers, seed cleaners, and local seed compani…

Organic Pecan Production (B 1493) Organic food production is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the American food marketplace and is driven largely by personal health preferences and environmental ethics. Pecan production generates unique challenges to organic production methods in the humid Southeastern U.S. because it is an environment conducive to heavy pressure from insects, diseases, and weeds. Therefore, the foundation of…

Organic Poultry Production vs. Other Systems (C 1139) There are a number of different poultry production systems available today, and consumers commonly confuse organic poultry production with other systems. Pasture-raised poultry and natural poultry are not organically produced, as they do not meet all or any of the standards set by the National Organic Program, which regulates and certifies production systems as "organic." Consumers should be aware…

Organic Vidalia Onion Production (C 913) This publication discusses organic Vidalia onion production in Georgia, from site selection and harvesting to certification.

Ornamental Plantings on Septic Drainfields (C 1030) Ornamental plantings can be attractive and beneficial options for the expanse of open ground designated for a septic drainfield. Properly chosen plants help manage moisture and nutrient levels in the soils around the drainfield, and can discourage activities that may cause site compaction and reduce the effectiveness of the system. The drawback is that poor plant choices can create costly maintena…

Oxygen Depletion in Ponds (C 1048) Fish ponds may experience a loss of oxygen at any time of the year, depending on the weather and amount of nutrient enrichment the pond has received; however, most oxygen depletions occur in warm weather and usually follow a period of cloudy, overcast conditions. Low oxygen concentration in pond water means stress and possibly death for the pond fish. When fish die from low oxygen, there can be se…

Packinghouse Environmental Monitoring Programs Series: Packinghouse Environmental Monitoring Programs: Identifying Packinghouse Zones (B 1524-1) Produce buyers are increasingly requiring their suppliers to establish environmental monitoring programs in their packinghouses to verify the sanitary conditions of handling facilities and equipment. The first step of a successful monitoring program requires accurate zone designation, whereby surfaces are identified according to their proximity to and likelihood of contaminating a food product. Th…

Packinghouse Environmental Monitoring Programs Series: Using ATP, Protein, and Allergen Swabs (B 1524-3) As a part of a packinghouse environmental monitoring program, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), protein, and allergen swabbing is used to ensure that packinghouse equipment and surfaces have been properly cleaned and prepared for sanitation. ATP, protein, and allergen swabbing is frequently incorporated to complement microbial swabbing practices or as an independent program. These swab types indicate …

Pampas Grass (C 983) Pampas grass is a large perennial grass native to Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Mature plants can reach 10 feet tall and 6 feet wide. In late summer, silvery-white plumes rise several feet above the foliage and make a bold, dramatic statement in the landscape.

Peaches: Appropriate Harvest and Postharvest Handling (B 1555) This publication deals with appropriate maturity indices and postharvest handling for fresh-market peaches to educate producers, pickers, packers, and shippers about how to reduce peach postharvest losses and prevent quality deterioration, recalls, and subsequent loss of value during the production and trade of peaches in the region.

Peanut Digger and Combine Efficiency (B 1087) Consumers demand wholesome, good-tasting peanuts and peanut products. Meeting this demand starts on the farm with growing and harvesting the cleanest and least-damaged peanuts. This publication explains how peanut diggers and combines work and how to adjust them for peak efficiency to produce the highest quality peanuts.

Peanut Production Field Guide (B 1146) The peanut production guide includes varieties, agronomic practices, pest management, irrigation management, equipment maintenance, maturity, and harvest practices.

Peanut Response to Dicamba (C 1015) The objective of this publication is to provide county agents, peanut growers, crop consultants, agri-business personnel, etc. with information that can assist them in making appropriate management decisions after a suspected dicamba drift/volatilization or sprayer contamination problem has occurred.

Peanut Response to Grazon® P+D (C 1190) Grazon® P+D (picloram + 2,4-D) injury, diagnosed as leaf roll, is occasionally observed in Georgia peanut fields due to the presence of contaminated soil, forage, animal waste (manure/urine), and/or irrigation water. Since peanut plants are very tolerant of low levels of 2,4-D, the primary cause of these leaf roll symptoms is picloram. When this injury occurs, growers are often concerned about how…

Peanut Response to Liberty (C 1025) Liberty® (glufosinate-ammonium) has become a popular postemergence herbicide in Georgia due to its ability to control herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth when applied in a timely manner. However, the popularity of Liberty®-resistant cultivars (e.g., Liberty-Link® and WideStrike®) has led to an increased potential for off-target movement and sprayer contamination of Liberty® to sensitive crops such…

Peanut Yield Response to 2,4-D in Georgia (C 1036) This publication provides growers, county agents, crop consultants, etc. with information regarding peanut yield response to 2,4-D injury.

Pearl Millet for Grain (B 1216) Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) has a long history of use as a summer grazing and hay crop in the southeastern U.S. The recent development of new, adaptable and productive grain pearl millet hybrids in the Southeast gives crop producers a suitable alternative feed grain for dryland production.

Pecan Management (C 1174) This circular is a calendar-based management reference for pecan production in the Southeastern U.S. It provides an easy-to-use graphical guide for management decisions regarding crop phenology, irrigation and fertilization requirements, disease, and insect and mite arthropod pest management. It also includes information on production activities including timing for planting, harvesting, and nutri…

Pecan Trees for the Home or Backyard Orchard (B 1348) Pecan trees are commonly found surrounding both urban and rural dwellings throughout Georgia. They can enhance the environment and provide additional income from the sale of nuts. This publication contains comprehensive information about pecan trees for the home or backyard orchard.

Pecan Varieties for Georgia Orchards (C 898) The most fundamental step in pecan production is the selection of varieties or cultivars to be planted in the orchard. Planting the wrong pecan variety can be a costly mistake, resulting in considerable expense. This publication includes descriptions and photos of pecan varieties suitable for planting in Georgia orchards.

Pecan Water Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling (C 1106) Pecan trees have high water requirements, using as much as 60 inches of total water (including rainfall) during the growing season. Georgia receives an average of 50 inches or more of rainfall annually. While the rainfall received certainly meets a portion of the water requirement for pecan trees, periods of moisture stress occur during the growing season, particularly during the months of August …

Pen-size Optimization Workbook of Experimental Research Design (POWER for Poultry) (B 1417) This publication contains an Excel spreadsheet to help poultry producers calculate the ideal number of birds to group into pens based on their operations and goals.

Pesticide Safety for the Homeowner (C 998) By their nature, pesticides are hazardous and demand cautious handling. When they are used properly, however, pesticides improve the quality of our food supply, protect our health and increase our comfort with little risk to the environment and non-target living things. The most important consideration for the safe, effective use of pesticides is to follow all label directions and safety precautio…

PFAS: Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (B 1577) Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of more than 9,000 manmade chemicals that have been in use worldwide since 1940, primarily in industry and numerous commercial and consumer products. The widespread use of PFAS for the past several decades has raised concerns due to their persistence, bioaccumulative nature, and potential adverse health effects. This publication prov…

Pierce's Disease of Grape: Identification and Management (B 1514) Pierce’s disease (PD) may be the greatest threat to the growth and sustainability of wine grape industries in the Southeastern U.S. The first step to managing grapevine PD is understanding the threat of PD as dictated by the region in which vines will be planted. It is highly advised that PD-tolerant cultivars be planted if a vineyard will be established in a region of high PD-threat. Growers shou…

Plant Propagation for the Home Garden Series: Starting Plants From Seed for the Home Gardener (B 1432) A number of plants, particularly vegetables, annuals, and herbs, can be grown from seed. There are many advantages to propagating plants from seed. This publication provides information on seed selection, materials, seeding techniques, thinning, and transplanting. A step-by-step, quick reference guide is also included.

Planting Guide for Row Crops in Georgia (C 813) This planting guide will help producers establish grasses and legumes commonly grown in Georgia.

Planting Guide to Grasses and Legumes for Forage and Wildlife in Georgia (C 814) This planting guide will help producers establish grasses and legumes commonly grown for forage and wildlife in Georgia.

Planting Your Bare-Root Fruit Tree (C 1061) Many fruit trees are purchased as bare-root trees. A bare-root tree is a dormant tree that has no soil or planting medium around the roots. Here are some tips on storing, planting, and caring for your bare-root fruit tree.

Poisonous Plants in the Landscape (C 957) While most of us are familiar with common poisonous plants that cause dermatitis (skin irritations) such as poison ivy or poison oak, we fail to recognize common ornamental plants in the landscape that may cause internal poisoning when ingested. Although most adults would not intentionally eat the leaves or fruit of ornamental plants in the landscape, young children or pets sometimes do. The purpo…

Pollination of Vegetable Crops (C 934) Plants develop seeds through a process called pollination. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen (male flower part) to the pistil (female flower part).

Pollinator Garden Design Guide Appendices (B 1570-1) The lead author of this publication is Katherine Melcher, College of Environment and Design. The UGA Extension contact for the publication's content is Becky Griffin. These appendices provide information about plants that grow well in Georgia’s Piedmont Ecoregion, as well as to-scale plant symbol and plant ID card templates for use in creating design plans.

Pollinator Garden Design Guide: Activities for Youth, Schools, and Beginning Designers (B 1570) The lead author of this publication is Katherine Melcher, College of Environment and Design. The UGA Extension contact for the publication's content is Becky Griffin. Providing opportunities for youth to design their environment can increase their connection to everyday nature and increase their sense of empowerment. By combining ecology and design, garden design can also be a central piece in STE…

Pomegranate Production (C 997) Pomegranates have been grown as a common backyard crop for decades in the South. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the commercial production of the fruit in Georgia and surrounding regions. This production increase is largely in response to increased demand for the fruit by the consumer. The fruit is being used in many consumer products, including tea and juice blends, nut m…

Pond Fertilization and Liming in Georgia (B 867) Proper fertilization and liming help maximize fish production in ponds. This publication describes how to effectively fertilize and apply lime to a pond for optimum fish production.

Poultry Disease Prevention Checklist (B 1340) Disease prevention is much less stressful and costly than disease control and recovery. Biosecurity measures are a critical component of disease prevention. Use this list to rate your disease prevention practices and preparedness.

Poultry Drinking Water Primer (B 1301) Water is a critical nutrient that receives little attention until a problem arises. Not only should producers make an effort to provide water in adequate quantity, they should also know what is in the water to be used in evaporative cooling systems and consumed by the birds.

Poultry Litter Application on Pastures and Hayfields (B 1330) Poultry litter is widely used on pastures and hayfields in Georgia. There are many benefits when it is used wisely. Producers should use nutrient management planning and recommended rates to ensure poultry litter is used in ways that maximize its benefits without harming the environment.

Poultry Litter Composting for Backyard Flocks (C 1097) Your coop is ready. You've built a covered run or exercise yard to keep your chickens safe from predators and wild birds that carry diseases. Your chicks are old enough to move outside, and you're eagerly awaiting your first fresh eggs. In the meantime, your chickens are producing something else on a daily basis: manure. How do you handle all of that poultry poop so that your neighbors don't com…

Poultry Litter Sampling (B 1270) Poultry litter is a mixture of poultry manure, feathers, wasted feed, and bedding material that contains nitrogen, phosphate, potash, and other nutrients essential for plant growth. Poultry litter can vary considerably in nutrient content due to bird type, feed composition, bedding materials used, clean-out frequency, storage and handling practices, use of litter amendments, and other factors. The…

Poultry Mortality Composting Management Guide (B 1266) Disposal of dead birds can be a problem for poultry growers. Typical methods of mortality disposal include burial, incineration, rendering, and composting. Many states have banned the use of burial pits that historically have been used to dispose of dead birds. Incineration can be costly and raise air quality concerns, and the decreasing number of renderers further complicates disposal. Composting…

Poultry Mortality Disposal: Methods Following Catastrophic Loss (B 1342) Mortality disposal following a natural disaster or catastrophic disease event can become a major challenge for poultry producers. Disposal decisions must balance animal health goals with those of environmental protection and safeguarding public health. In the event of catastrophic disease, humane destruction of infected or exposed poultry and proper disposal is needed to stop further spread of inf…

Poultry Processing: Measuring True Water Use Converting your plant from gpb to gpk (B 1381) The goal of this publication is to introduce the development of a more accurate measurement of water-use efficiency based on the bulk quantities of materials handled at each processing step at a poultry slaughter plant.

Practical Use and Application of the Poultry Carbon Footprint Calculation Tool (B 1443) The cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from any human activity are commonly referred to as the carbon footprint. The Poultry Carbon Footprint Calculation Tool was developed and designed specifically for poultry production farms. The tool can be used to estimate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from pullet, breeder, and broiler grow-out farms. This publication provides an overview for pou…

Predicting Nitrogen Release from Cover Crops: the Cover Crop Nitrogen Availability Calculator (B 1466) Cover crops have many benefits for farmers, including erosion control, weed suppression, and feeding the food soil web. Cover crops also play an important role in fertility, particularly for nitrogen. One of the challenges facing farmers who use cover crops is quantifying the available nitrogen supplies to the following cash crop by the decomposing cover crop residues and how they might change t…

Preparación para Emergencias: Almacenamiento de Alimentos a Largo Plazo para Desastres (C 1310-SP) Esta publicación proporciona orientación práctica para individuos y familias, cubriendo aspectos esenciales como la planificación, la selección de recipientes adecuados y el mantenimiento de los alimentos almacenados durante emergencias como desastres naturales. La guía ofrece consejos fáciles de usar sobre variedad de menús, seguridad alimentaria y suministros no alimentarios, lo que garantiza un…

Preparing and Calibrating a No-Till or Conventional Drill for Establishing Forage or Cover Crops (B 1510) Properly maintaining, calibrating, and adjusting a seed drill before planting is an important part of ensuring the successful establishment of forage or cover crops. Seed may be placed at a depth that is too deep or too shallow if the equipment is not properly prepared and set. Too much or too little seed may be planted if the equipment is not properly calibrated. These planting mistakes may resul…

Preparing Your Blueberry Freeze Protection System (C 1128) Frost protection systems tremendously benefit commercial blueberry production in Georgia. These systems are expensive and usually configured as overhead irrigation systems. For the system to provide protection, it must operate as soon as it's needed. The best practice for maintaining a frost protection system is to perform preventative maintenance service every late fall or early winter. This publ…

Principles of Irrigation and Scheduling for Vegetable Crops in Georgia (B 1511) This bulletin contains guidelines to determine irrigation scheduling for vegetable production in Georgia. Irrigation scheduling varies with water management and growers may require different technologies to properly manage water application. This information is supplied to help irrigation managers schedule and operate irrigation systems to optimal capacity, applying water precisely to the crop for…

Production and Management of Garlic, Elephant Garlic and Leek (C 852) This publication discusses how garlic, elephant garlic and leek can be grown successfully in South Georgia.

Production Costs vs. Feeding Value of Forages (C 1020) Determining an equitable price for purchased forages is a necessary but often uncomfortable topic of discussion for feed growers and purchasers. Usually this discussion is in the context of corn silage; however, the same principles can be used in any discussion involving hay, baleage or grains. In order for an input market to be efficient, the price agreed upon by both buyers and sellers should ad…

Professional Grounds Management Calendar (C 802) This publication is a monthly guide for professional managers of commercial, recreational, municipal, institutional or private grounds in Georgia.

Profitable Cattle Marketing for the Cow-Calf Producer (B 1078) Profitable cattle marketing means producing the most profitable calf, selling through the most profitable market outlet and pricing at the most profitable time. Unfortunately, most cow-calf producers simply sell their calves. Marketing means choices on how or what to put on the market, where to market and when to price. The first step in becoming a cattle marketer is to recognize all your alternat…

Propagating Disease-Free Blueberry Plants from Softwood Cuttings (B 1540) Propagating disease-free blueberry plants is important for the future sustainability of the blueberry industry in Georgia and the Southeast. Over the past two to three decades, the Georgia blueberry industry has experienced remarkable growth and has become a national leader in blueberry production. To remain competitive, Georgia blueberry producers need a supply of healthy plants to replace older …

Protect Children: The Delicates that Matter (C 1109) Simple steps can stop preventable accidents in the laundry room. Laundry packets are used by millions of consumers and households each year and contain a highly-concentrated, pre-measured dose of detergent. They are very convenient and easy to use, however, as with any household cleaning product, these should be kept up and out of reach and sight of small children.

Protect Yourself from Ticks (C 937) This publication discusses how to protect yourself and the areas around your home from ticks. It also includes information on common tick-borne diseases, such as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme disease.

Protein Showdown: Comparison of Plant-Based and Animal-Based Foods (B 1575) This publication provides a clear and balanced comparison of plant-based and animal-based proteins in our food. It looks at the nutritional value, environmental impact, and health effects of each type of protein. The goal is to help readers understand more about these protein sources without saying whether one is better than another—in other words, to inform and educate, giving everyone the knowle…

Pruning Muscadine Grapes (C 1268) Many gardeners don’t realize how vigorously muscadines and grapes must be pruned each season in order to ensure good production. Quality equipment and care also is essential to maintain healthy plants. This video covers the basics of how to properly prune muscadines and bunch grapes. Correct pruning methods are essential for strong fruit production and must be performed annually at the proper time…

Pruning Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (B 961) This publication provides guidelines for proper pruning that may help assure healthy vigorous plants and lasting landscape beauty. First, we'll discuss the three basic Ts for successful pruning: tools, technique and timing. Then we'll examine the pruning requirements of specific ornamental plants in the home landscape.

Pulse Width Modulation Technology for Agricultural Sprayers (C 1277) This publication provides information on pulse width modulation (PWM) technology including its working principle, components, benefits, and best management practices for its optimal utilization on agricultural sprayers. Agricultural sprayers are commonly used for pesticide applications and come in various design types and sizes, including three-point hitch, pull-behind, and self-propelled. During …

Quick Storage Guide for Vegetable Crops (C 1205) Vegetables require careful handling, storage, and monitoring to ensure the maximum postharvest life span. Because we are dealing with live organisms, the maximum attainable shelf life of vegetables can easily be affected depending on preharvest and postharvest factors that often manifest during storage. Following storage recommendations for each specific commodity helps to ensure the best quality …

Rainwater Harvesting for System Designers and Contractors (B 1372) With recent droughts and increased emphasis on water conservation, rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become an important alternative source for outdoor irrigation. RWH is the collection of runoff from roofs during a rainfall event. The water is conveyed through a gutter system, filtered and stored in a tank for later use. In Georgia, non-potable harvested rainwater can be an alternative water supply …

Rapport de recherches sur l’arachide en Haïti (B 1499-FR) L’arachide est cultivée en Haïti depuis au moins 500 ans et remonte très probablement à la préhistoire. Selon Bartolomé de las Casas, un prêtre qui a accompagné Christophe Colomb lors de son expédition dans le Nouveau Monde et qui est accrédité avec la première description écrite de l’arachide, les Amérindiens indigènes ont cultivé l’arachide comme culture vivrière sur l’île d’Hispaniola avant l’a…

Recognizing Flower and Vegetative Buds in Blueberries: Blueberry Phenology (C 1293) Phenology refers to the sequential developmental stages, also called growth stages, that may occur in perennial plants every season. The growth stages of blueberry plants are affected by temperature, light intensity, and light duration (photoperiod). Erratic weather can impact the plant’s developmental phases. The different types of cultivated blueberries—northern highbush, southern highbush, lowb…

Recommended Procedure for Field Measurement of Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and the Applications for On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems in Georgia (B 1535) This bulletin describes a recommended procedure to measure soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) with a borehole permeameter and convert this value to estimates of percolation rate for on-site wastewater treatment systems. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is a fundamental hydraulic parameter for soil water flow and it is defined as the ratio of the water velocity to the hydraulic gradient. Th…

Red Cabbage: Crop Management Practices, Food Safety, and Biochemical Properties (C 1221) Red cabbage is a highly nutritious vegetable crop, rich in minerals, vitamins, and several other chemical compounds that are beneficial for human health, including phenols, proteins, glucosinolates and anthocyanins. While red cabbage belongs to the same group as the other cabbage varieties (white and green) widely produced and consumed in the state, red cabbage production and consumption in Georgi…

Red-Headed Flea Beetle: An Ornamental Nursery Pest (C 1187) The red-headed flea beetle (RHFB), Systena frontalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a serious insect pest in ornamental nurseries. It is also referred to as the “cranberry flea beetle” in cranberry and blueberry systems in the Northern U.S. The adult RHFB causes serious feeding damage to the foliage of a variety of woody and herbaceous container plants in nurseries (Figures 3 and 4). As the n…

Reducing Aflatoxin in Corn During Harvest and Storage (B 1231) Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The fungus can be recognized by a gray-green or yellow-green mold growing on corn kernels in the field or in storage. Plant stress due to drought, heat or insect damage during fungus growth usually increases aflatoxin levels. Aflatoxin contamination will reduce feeding value and hinder sales. Because it is extremel…

Removal of Arsenic From Household Water (C 996) Arsenic in your drinking water may damage your health. Because arsenic in household well water is usually dissolved from natural rock in the aquifer, water treatment is the only way to eliminate it. This publication describes methods for removing arsenic from household drinking water.

Repotting Basics (C 1240) This publication describes the reasoning behind repotting, as well as container selection, drainage, positioning the plant on an appropriate soil base, examining and attending to root issues, potential root removal and/or redistribution, backfilling, protecting, and watering the plant upon completion of repotting. As container plants mature, their biomass increases and the roots grow outward and…

Reproductive Management of Commercial Beef Cows (B 864) Reproductive efficiency has long been recognized as the most important aspect of commercial beef production. This publication explains how improved herd management and selection for reproductive performance can substantially increase the percent calf crop.

Resources for Farmers Under Stress and People Who Care About Them (C 1314)

Rethink Waste Series: Recycle (C 1050-2) In today's disposable economy, it often seems easier to throw away old products and buy new ones. Because everything we need can be produced so quickly and cheaply, we tend to ignore the repercussions of our waste stream. Within this publication are facts and strategies which will help you rethink the notion of recycling.

Rethink Waste Series: Reduce (C 1050-1) Reducing your actual rate of consumption is the most efficient way to manage the worldwide waste problem. This publication provides strategies you can implement to reduce the amount of waste you and your family produce.

Rhodesgrass Mealybug: Biology and Management (C 1159) The rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis, is an invasive insect native to Asia. First found in the U.S. in Texas in 1942, the rhodesgrass mealybug has since spread to all states on the Gulf of Mexico as well as Georgia, South Carolina, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Rhodesgrass mealybugs can infest more than 100 grass species (family Gramineae) including all warm-season grasses commonly u…

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: All About A1c (C 1323-01) The A1c blood test is a tool used to help diagnose and manage diabetes. The A1c test will measure your average blood sugar over the past 2–3 months by measuring the percent of your red blood cells that have sugar-coated hemoglobin. A higher percentage indicates a greater risk of having or developing diabetes.

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Carbohydrates and Fiber (C 1323-02) Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energy, and foods can be high in fiber and high OR low in carbohydrates. Carbohydrates have the greatest influence on blood glucose (blood sugar), compared with protein or fat. Individuals with diabetes must be aware of how many carbohydrates they eat, but they don't need to avoid or eliminate them altogether. Aim for at least 25–38 g of fiber daily.

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Cooking and Baking with Sugar Substitutes (C 1323-10) All carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, like glucose, during digestion. Controlling blood glucose is one of the primary goals in diabetes management. People with diabetes may desire to lower their carbohydrate, added sugar, and calorie intake by using sugar substitutes, including low-calorie or no-calorie sweeteners. These can come from natural sources, like stevia and monk fruit, or…

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Diabetes Plate Method (C 1323-06) The Diabetes Plate Method is an approach to creating a healthy eating pattern, and it may be used alone or in combination with other tools to help you meet your nutrition and health goals. Research has shown that the Diabetes Plate Method can help people with diabetes lower their A1c, which improves blood glucose management.

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load (C 1323-03) Glycemic index you how carbohydrate foods raise blood glucose compared to either glucose alone or white bread. Research is mixed on whether or not choosing foods based on glycemic index helps control your blood sugar over time. Speak with your healthcare provider to determine if and how you should use glycemic index to manage your blood glucose.

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Modifying Recipes for Healthier Results (C 1323-07) Eating healthier doesn’t have to mean giving up your favorite recipes. Some special recipes served only on occasion may be better left alone, like your grandmother’s special coconut cake. Recipes you make more often might be worth modifying to make them healthier and aligned with your current health goals.

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Portion Control (C 1323-05) Choosing foods in the right portions for your health and energy needs is an important part of any healthy eating plan. The American Diabetes Association recommends people with diabetes choose nutrient-dense foods in appropriate portion sizes to help meet your blood glucose, blood pressure, cholesterol, and triglyceride goals; prevent or delay diabetes complications; and achieve and maintain the bo…

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Understanding the Nutrition Facts Label (C 1323-04) The U.S. FDA regulates the Nutrition Facts label on most packaged foods and beverages. This label is a tool that can help you make informed decisions and healthier food choices. Nutrient content claims may describe the amount of a nutrient in a food product or compare it to that of another food product.

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Understanding the Nutrition Facts Label: Fats and Cholesterol (C 1323-08) The Nutrition Facts label is a useful tool for making healthier food choices. The label makes it easier to compare products and tells you the nutritional content of the food based on a standard serving size. Our bodies need fat to survive. Fat helps regulate body temperature, protects our organs, makes hormones, and helps our body absorb essential vitamins. People with diabetes should choose foods…

Right Bite Diabetes Cooking School Series: Using Nutrition Labels to Cut Back on Salt (C 1323-09) The body needs sodium, but consuming too much over time can increase blood pressure. Having higher blood pressure increases your risk for heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. For people with diabetes, high blood pressure can increase the risk of complications from diabetes.

Roasted Peanut Flavor (B 1478) Flavor is the major determinant for consumers' appreciation of roasted peanuts. Flavor development involves two important reactions: Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation. Maillard reaction mainly occurs during roasting to generate a pleasant "roasted" flavor. But during storage, lipid oxidation produces off-flavors and reduces roasted flavor, which is known as "flavor fade." In order to retard li…

Roses in Georgia: Selecting and Growing Techniques (C 1001) Roses are one of the most popular plants among Georgia gardeners even though growing roses in the southern climate can be challenging. Knowing which rose varieties to choose is the key to success. This publication discusses selection and techniques for growing roses in Georgia.

Row Crop Planter Checklist: Tips to Achieve Successful Stand Establishment (C 1231) The lack of proper planter setup and maintenance results in common planting mistakes that affects crop stand and yield every year. Growers can easily avoid these mistakes by following a few simple steps at the beginning of the planting season to ensure proper planter setup for maximized field performance. This simple and easy-to-follow checklist provides tips on how to properly set up different pl…

Safe at Home: Preventing Lung Cancer by Reducing Radon in the Home (C 1296) Radon may be found in one out of every 15 homes and is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. This gas can enter your home through cracks and holes in the foundation, or even underground well water. This publication provides information on radon-induced lung cancer and ways to reduce elevated radon inside your home. For more information on radon, visit ugaradon.edu.

Safety Checklists for New Landscape Employees (B 1415) These checklists can be used to introduce new landscape workers to safe work practices. They ensure that job safety training includes safety instruction. Included are sections on general safety precautions, equipment safety, lawn mower safety and pesticide safety.

Safety for Hispanic Landscape Workers (B 1334) Hispanic workers predominate in Georgia's urban agriculture industry, comprising almost three-fourths of the workforce. Employers must ensure comprehension and safety compliance, address language barriers to create a safe workplace, use physical demonstrations, diagrams, bilingual materials and, if available, an interpreter. This publication covers general precautions, equipment safety, pesticide …

Sampling and Managing Whiteflies in Georgia Cotton (C 1184) Whiteflies are common and recurrent insect pests of cotton in Georgia. The severity of whitefly damage varies from year to year based on the size of the pest population. The most abundant species of whitefly found infesting cotton in Georgia is Bemisia tabaci, commonly known as the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) or sweet potato whitefly. Another species, bandedwinged whitefly (Trialeurodes abutiloneus…

Sampling Irrigation Water for Blueberry Production (C 1104) This publication outlines the sampling procedure for irrigation water to be used in blueberry production. Follow the outlined steps to provide a certified lab with a sample that is representative of the irrigation water to be used for growing blueberry plants.

Seed Saving in Georgia Gardens: A starter guide for schools, communities, and homes (C 1242) This circular describes the process of saving seeds, particularly for heirloom varieties in the Georgia garden. This guide is useful for both home gardens and school or community gardens.

Selecting a Beef Breed (C 859) New cattle producers frequently ask, “Which breed should I choose?” This question brings cold chills to many knowledgeable cattle producers and excitement to just as many enthusiastic breeders. The diversity of resources and management capabilities of any operation makes this question difficult to answer.

Selecting a Forage Bermudagrass Variety (C 919) This publication shares the collective experience of research and extension personnel on bermudagrass cultivars that are (or could be) grown in Georgia.

Selecting a Tiller for the Home Garden (C 1182) Most gardeners realize that they must manipulate the soil in their garden to successfully grow vegetables. Whether by hand, with a shovel, or a mechanical piece of equipment, tilling is an important practice for reducing compaction and mixing organic amendments into the soil. While smaller gardens and most raised beds can be turned with hand tools, larger gardens may require more sizable equipment…

Selecting and Growing Azaleas (B 670) Azaleas' vivid colors, profusion of flowers and adaptability to a wide range of soils and climates make them one of the most popular flowering shrubs in Georgia. Although most people associate azaleas with spring, there are several that bloom in summer and fall. By carefully selecting plants, you can have azaleas blooming at least eight months of the year.

Selecting Salt-Tolerant Native Trees for the Georgia Coast (B 1477) This publication explains the different sources of salt in the soil, the effects of high salt and salinity in plants, measurements of salinity in soils and water, and a list of salt-tolerant native trees alongside their ability to withstand high salinity. The information in this bulletin was requested by the green industry, county faculty, and the public.

Selecting Trees and Shrubs as Resources for Pollinators (B 1483) We can positively affect pollinator populations in our region by providing plants that help sustain them. Pollinators face the increasing challenges of habitat loss, parasite and disease pressure, and the unintended consequences of pesticide misuse. Bee forage plants can bloom season-long with careful plant selection appropriate to the region. A combination of herbaceous perennial and annual plant…

Selenium in Georgia Soils and Forages: Importance in the Livestock Industry (B 1390) This publication highlights the role of selenium in animal nutrition; selenium concentration and distribution in soils and feedstuffs (grains and forages) produced in various parts of the United States and in Georgia; disorders resulting from Selenium deficiency or toxicity; various methods of selenium supplementation; and recommendations for selenium management in Georgia. This publication is int…

Service Animals on U-Pick Farms (C 1153) Many produce farms choose to exclude domesticated animals to prevent the spread of fecal contamination to produce crops. However, when farms allow members of the general public access to U-pick fields, on-farm restaurants, or roadside markets, the Americans for Disabilities Act (ADA) protects the rights of individuals who may require the assistance of a service animal. This publication explains wh…

Setting Goals to Improve Breeding Strategies (B 1213) Problem identification is the first step in establishing objectives and goals to improve reproductive management in a dairy herd. Management is determining what must be done and achieving results through the efforts of yourself and your employees. Use the following worksheet to evaluate herd reproductive performance and set goals to improve your breeding strategies. Then develop a tactical plan to…

Shade and Street Tree Care (B 1031) With proper care, trees can be valuable commodities around our homes, communities and urban landscapes. Providing care requires understanding tree biology, or how and why trees function. Trees constantly interact with the environment, including changes in soil, light, temperature, moisture, competitors and pests. Humans can produce additional stress by altering environments, but with proper care a…

Shade Trees for Georgia (C 1013) Shade trees are a staple of Southern landscapes and include a variety of species, forms and seasonal appeal. In the Southeastern U.S., shade trees are used most often to provide relief from the summer sun and heat. Additionally, shade trees can be utilized to channel summer breezes to desired locations, add monetary value to a property, define outdoor spaces, and improve landscape sustainability b…

Shallow Subsurface Drip Irrigation: A Tool for Organic Vegetable Growers (B 1564) This publication highlights some of the ongoing research into using SSDI in organic vegetable crop production. SSDI facilitates cultivation without harming drip tubing and limits surface soil wetting, which may also reduce weed pressure. Prior research has shown that SSDI offers some advantages over surface-placed drip tubing in conventionally grown crops (Coolong, 2016).

Shipper Sweet Corn in Southern Georgia (B 1549) Summarizes shipper sweet corn production in southern Georgia.

Silverleaf Whitefly: A Pest in Nursery and Greenhouse Ornamental Crops (C 1249) The silverleaf whitefly, also known as the sweet potato whitefly or Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), attacks a wide range of plants, from ornamentals to warm-season vegetables. Whiteflies are active from mid-July to mid-October and are found gathered together on the underside of leaves during the daytime. Although 76 whitefly species are known to exist in the Southeastern U.S., only a few …

Small Farm Nutrient Management Primer: For Un-permitted Animal Feeding Operations (B 1293) Producers need to be aware of the impacts that manure can have on water and air quality. However, management of manure and other byproducts of livestock and poultry production has important impacts on farm profitability, neighbor relations and protecting soil and water quality. This publication covers: Farm and Homestead Maps; Manure Storage and Treatment; Nutrient Budgeting with Nitrogen and Pho…

Small Flowering Gardens Help the Migrating Monarch Butterfly (B 1558) A classic example of a North American species that undergoes a great migration is the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus. Monarchs travel on air currents and cross more than 3000 miles in winter to reach their overwintering sites. Monarch butterfly populations are showing a declining trend. As the overwintering habitat in Mexico is destroyed by logging or deforestation activities, they h…

Small Fruit Video Series Series: Cross-Contamination (C 1300-02) Cross-contamination, resulting in foodborne pathogen contamination of small fruits, can occur at any point throughout production and post-harvest handling. This video discusses techniques and best practices for growers and packers to ensure the production of safe, high-quality small fruits. This video was produced in collaboration with the Auburn Department of Horticulture.

Small Fruit Video Series Series: Foodborne Illnesses (C 1300-01) Foodborne illnesses sicken approximately 48 million Americans a year and result in significant financial losses for the food industry. Outbreaks of foodborne illness have been linked to consumption of small fruit products, but growers and packers can take precautions to reduce food safety risks on their operations. This video discusses what foodborne illnesses are, what causes them, and basic step…

Small Market Fruit and Vegetable Farming (C 1251) This publication covers some of the basic information about what you may need and key considerations when developing a small fruit and vegetable farm.

So Easy To Preserve (B 989) The 6th edition of this popular book is available for purchase only. The 388-page book covers topics on Preserving Food, Canning, Pickled Products, Sweet Spreads and Syrups, Freezing and Drying. There are 10 new products and two revised product recommendations in this edition. It's suitable for both new and veteran food preservers. Information on how to purchase this for-sale publication is avail…

Sod Webworms: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1156) Sod webworms are a serious pest of turfgrass in Georgia. There is limited information available to the green industry and the public about the general biology, ecology, and management of this pest. This publication includes photos of sod webworms, their life cycle, and management options so that landscape industry professionals and homeowners can learn about the pest sufficiently to manage it.

Soil Amendments in Georgia: Facts and Policies (B 1574) Proper use of treated industrial wastes contributes to the circular economy and reduces wastes that would have been disposed of in landfills or by incineration. This publication clarifies Georgia's legal definition of “soil amendments” and highlights current policies governing the application of processed wastes on farm lands in Georgia. Compliance with these regulations maintains a quality enviro…

Soil and Fertilizer Management Considerations for Forage Systems in Georgia (B 1346) Georgia possesses diverse soil conditions and many forage production factors are influenced by this diversity. As a result, the soil environment of a given site must be considered when selecting forage species, determining fertilization strategies and planning forage utilization systems. This article guides forage producers through the process of exploring their soil's characteristics and sampling…

Soil Inoculants (C 990) Soil inoculants are used for a variety of reasons. In some cases, we add soil organisms that have a known beneficial effect. A symbiotic relationship is one that is mutually beneficial. In return for the plant feeding the rhizobia carbon from photosynthesis and giving it a home, the bacteria can “fix” atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plant can use.

Soil Organic Matter (C 1299) Soil organic matter (SOM) is a complex mixture of plant and animal tissues, and plays an important role in the physical, chemical, and biological processes in the soil. This publication describes how SOM contributes to overall soil fertility, factors controlling SOM abundance, and what cultivation practices growers can use to increase SOM in their soils.

Soil Preparation and Planting Procedures for Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (B 932) Proper planting is essential for healthy, vigorous growth of ornamental plants in the landscape. It assures rapid plant establishment by providing a favorable environment for the developing root system. This publication offers step-by-step guidelines that will help you achieve planting success.

Soil Salinity Testing, Data Interpretation and Recommendations (C 1019) The University of Georgia Agricultural and Environmental Services Laboratories offer soil salinity testing to help farmers and the general public diagnose and manage problems associated with soil salinity. By definition, a saline soil contains excess soluble salts that reduce the growth of most crops or ornamental plants. This publication discusses soil salinity testing, data interpretation and re…

Soil Sampling for Precision Management of Crop Production (B 1208) While site-specific soil sampling can improve field management, it must be accompanied by the conscientious collection and analysis of data. The new technologies that have elevated precision agriculture into the forefront of farm management cannot offset poor data collection and soil-testing techniques. Inaccurate data on soil properties will inevitably lead to improper management decisions. This…

Soil Sampling Grid Size Considerations for Site-Specific Nutrient Management (C 1297) This publication provides information on selecting an optimal soil sampling grid size that can accurately depict spatial nutrient variability within the fields in the southeastern US and helps in informing precision site-specific nutrient applications.

Soil Test Extractants: Principles, Applications, and Implications (C 1322) Soil test extractants are chemical solutions used to dissolve or exchange nutrients in soil samples. They are used when performing soil analyses to determine nutrient recommendations.

Soil Test Handbook for Georgia (SB 62) This handbook is designed to serve as a reference guide for the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension personnel and others regarding Georgia's lime and fertilizer recommendations and to provide basic information pertinent to the soil testing program.

Soil Testing for Home Lawns, Gardens and Wildlife Food Plots (C 896) Developing and maintaining productive soils begin with soil testing. Soils tests provide information on the soil's actual nutrient status. Test results are used to determine the amount and kind of nutrients that should be added for the best growth of lawn, garden, and other types of plants.

Soil Testing: Soil pH and Salt Concentration (C 875) Soil pH is one of the most important measurements of soil fertility. Knowing a soil's pH may help in diagnosing nutritional problems of agricultural crops and other plants.

Solving Postpartum Breeding Problems (B 1211) Early identification and diagnosis of reproductive problems through a herd health program are an essential part of successful dairy management. A cow must be pregnant by 85 days postpartum to achieve a 12-month calving interval. This is the backbone of sound reproductive management in an economical dairy business. Many factors during the dry period, parturition and early lactation can lower reprod…

Somatic Cell Count Benchmarks (B 1194) This publication provides somatic cell count benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Some examples of using and applying benchmark values are provided. However, this publication should be viewed primarily as a comprehensive resource of somatic cell count benchmark values. These benchmarks will be useful to dairy producers, dairy managers, consultants, veterinar…

Sorghum Insect Pests and Their Management (B 1283) Insect pests can be a major limiting factor in grain sorghum production in Georgia. Growers must be prepared to scout and prevent injury from insects in sorghum. However, a proper insect pest management program will minimize losses to insects and ensure appropriate insecticide use. This publication provides information on the biology and management of sorghum pests.

Sourcing Soil Amendments for Small-Scale Farms and Gardens (C 1272) Whether from a local store, regional supplier, or another farmer down the road, understanding where your soil amendments come from and how they were handled prior to reaching your farm or garden is necessary to ensure you are sourcing the highest quality product with the lowest amount of risk.

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: Cultural Management of the Bearing Peach Orchard (C 879) When the peach tree moves into its bearing years a shift in emphasis from exclusive attention to vegetative development for building a tree structure to maintaining a balance enough vegetative growth to promote adequate fruiting wood and return bloom for the following season’s fruit crop and managing the current season’s fruit crop.

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: Peach Orchard Establishment and Young Tree Care (C 877) Essential to successful peach tree culture is selection of a location that provides adequate sunlight, cold air drainage and water drainage.

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: Phony Peach Disease (C 1253) This fact sheet covers phony peach disease: History, symptoms, disease cycle, and management.

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: Plum Curculio: An Incessant Pest of Peaches (C 1224) Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a key insect pest of peaches in the Southeast region of the United States. It is a snout beetle native to North America and is found east of the Rocky Mountains in the U.S. and Canada. Plum curculio drives the insect pest management program for Georgia peach producers. This circular covers the biology, damage, and current management recommendation…

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: Preparing the Packinghouse for Peach Season (C 880) The southeastern peach industry is known for the high quality of its fresh peaches. As a new peach season approaches, it is time to ready the packinghouse for output of the best peach product.

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: Propagating Deciduous Fruit Plants Common to Georgia (B 818) Deciduous fruit plants common to Georgia must be propagated asexually because they do not come true to seed. This makes it necessary to reproduce the desired fruit plants by methods such as cuttings, runners, layering, budding or grafting. This publication discusses the common techniques used to asexually propagate fruit plants adapted to Georgia.

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: San Jose Scale: A Pernicious and Persistent Pest of Peaches (C 1225) San Jose scale, Comstockaspis perniciosus (Comstock), is a pest of peaches, nectarines, plums, and other tree fruits including apples, pears, and cherries. San Jose scale is considered a secondary pest in many regions of the country, but in the Southeast U.S., it has been one of the most common and most destructive pests to the peach industry since the early 2000s.

Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Series: Simple Tree Training Technique for Peaches (C 878) A relatively new peach tree training system is being adopted by some southeastern peach growers; it is an easy, low-maintenance system that can be used even in the home orchard.

Southeastern Peach, Nectarine, and Plum Pest Management and Culture Guide (B 1171) This guide covers multiple states and production areas. Pest problems vary across the Southeast. Pesticide rates are a guideline. Exceptions are noted for specific locations and pests, but this guide does not list every exception. Listed pesticides may not be registered for the uses recommended here in all states. This guide is to be used only by commercial growers. Observe all label precautions…

Southeastern Pecan Growers' Handbook (B 1327) Pecan production is considered by many who practice this endeavor to be as much an art as it is a science. Growers must integrate multiple disciplines in order to be successful. This book was created with the goal of being a comprehensive reference text for pecan growers, scientists, and county agents. It addresses pecan culture and management in the southeastern United States. For more informatio…

Southern Chinch Bug: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1147) The southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber, is a serious insect pest of turfgrass, especially St. Augustinegrass, in Georgia. Bermudagrass, centipedegrass, and zoysiagrass are also attacked by southern chinch bug. They feed on grass using their piercing and sucking mouthparts. Affected turfgrass can form yellow to brown patches that are sometimes mistaken as indicators of disease or drought…

Southern Highbush Blueberry Marketing and Economics (B 1413) To be more competitive, Georgia blueberry producers have to increase their yields to match or better the average U.S. values. This increase can occur through an improvement of the agricultural practices and a better mastery of blueberry cultivation. This publication contains information to help Southern Highbush blueberry growers in Georgia maximize their profits.

Southern Small Grains Resource Management Handbook (B 1190) The objective of this handbook is to provide rapid and extensive transfer of modern management technologies for small grain production. The intended audience includes Extension agents, industry personnel and dedicated producers.

Spanish Series: Asar y enfriar: ¡Libere el sabor de las comidas de forma segura al cocinar y asar al aire libre! (C 1309-SP) Garantice la seguridad alimentaria durante sus aventuras culinarias al aire libre este verano. Ya sea que sea un asador experimentado o un principiante, esta guía lo cubre con los 10 mejores consejos para una experiencia segura y deliciosa. Desde planificar su menú y comprar ingredientes frescos hasta manipular, cocinar, servir y manejar las sobras, la publicación brinda orientación paso a paso. A…

Spanish Series: Calendario para Siembra de Vegetales (C 963-SP) Esta es la versión en español del Cuadro de plantación de hortalizas de la Circular 963, Horticultura en Georgia. Traducido por Rolando Orellana. [This is the Spanish-language version of the Vegetable Planting Chart from Circular 963, Vegetable Gardening in Georgia.]

Spanish Series: Compostaje Básico Para el Avicultor (B 1408-SP) Composteo es una vieja práctica, muy benéfica para el medio ambiente, utilizada para la eliminacion y disposición diaria de los animales muertos. [Composting is an age-old practice that has been adapted as a means of daily animal mortality disposal and can be beneficial for the environment. This publication describes how to compost poultry mortalities.]

Spanish Series: Construyendo Huertos Caseros (B 577-SP) Un huerto bien administrado y productivo es una delicia. Este puede proveerle a su familia y a usted con una variedad de vegetales nutritivos y saludables que pueden ser disfrutados frescos o en conserva para su utilización en el futuro. El trabajar en un huerto casero también puede ser un pasatiempo gratificante, un proyecto para miembros 4-H y una manera en la cual mejoramos nuestra condición fí…

Spanish Series: Control de Bermuda en Céspedes Residenciales del Sudeste de los EEUU (B 1393-SP) La bermuda es una planta perenne de estación cálida ampliamente utilizada para su uso como césped en el sudeste de los Estados Unidos. [Although improved common (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and hybrid bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) have desirable qualities as turfgrasses for heat, drought and wear tolerance, bermudagrass is a problematic weed when grown in mixed…

Spanish Series: Cosecha y Manejo Postcosecha de Arándanos (C 1269-SP) Autora adicional: Natalia Espinoza, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Esta circular cubre los principios básicos de cosecha, manipulación y almacenamiento en frío poscosecha de arándanos para el mercado fresco para garantizar la mayor vida útil y calidad posibles y, al mismo tiempo, minimizar las pérdidas poscosecha. Los arándanos se cosechan en Georgia desde finales de abril hasta finales de …

Spanish Series: Daños Abioticos y Anomalias de Céspedes en Georgia (B 1258-SP) Los céspedes pueden ser atacados por agentes bióticos (vivientes) y abióticos (no-vivientes). Los agentes bióticos incluyen patógenos (hongos, bacterias, virus, citoplasma etc) y plagas como nematodos, insectos, ácaros, moluscos y vertebrados (roedores, pájaros etc.). Los factores abióticos incluyen: condiciones climáticas como las temperaturas extremas, el exceso o deficiencia de agua, luz o nutr…

Spanish Series: Enfermedad “Mal del Pie” en Céspedes de Clima Cálido: Identificación y Control (C 1102-SP) El mal del pie es una enfermedad destrcutiva en la region central, sur y costera de Georgia. EL mal del pie afecta todos los cespedes de clima calido en Georgia pero es mas severo en el cesped San Agustin (Stenotaphrum secundatum). La publicacion contiene informacion importante en la biologia del gente causal, descripcion detallada de los sintomas de la enfermedad (con fotografias de alta definici…

Spanish Series: Enfermedades de Céspedes: Guia de Referencia Rapida (C 891-SP) Agente causal, céspedes susceptibles,condiciones que promueven la enfermedad, síntomas y control de mancha parda, mancha dólar, quemazón por Pythium, mancha foliar por Helminthosporium, marchitamiento por Curvularia, mancha foliar gris, anillo de hada, enfermedad toma-todo o pudrición radicular por Gaeumannomyces, roya, hongos gelatinosos y nematodos.

Spanish Series: Enfermedades de los Céspedes en Georgia: Identificación y Control (B 1233-SP) Esta publicación es una guía completa para la identificación y control de enfermedades de los céspedes en Georgia. Enfermedades incluyen: mancha "dólar"; anillos de hada; pudrición radicular "toma-todo"; Mancha parda/Mancha larga por Rhizoctonia Royas; Mancha foliar o decaimiento por Curvularia; quemazón o mancha foliar gris; antracnosis; hongos gelatinosos; y pudrición radicular por Pythium/quema…

Spanish Series: Enfermedades Más Comunes de Plantas Ornamentales en Georgia (B 1238-SP) Esta publicación describe algunas de las enfermedades más problemáticas en las plantas de ornato más usadas en el jardín. El material presentado aquí le ayudará a identificar estas enfermedades y encontrará las recomendaciones para su tratamiento. El conocimiento de estas enfermedades permitirá a los jardineros profesionales y amateurs a combatir estas enfermedades y tener plantas saludables y bel…

Spanish Series: Estrategias de Detección de Celo para Ganado Lechero (B 1212-SP) La detección de celo es el primer paso para hacer que un animal se preñe. De acuerdo con los registros de la Asociación Nacional para la Información de Hatos Lecheros (DHIA por sus siglas en inglés) los productores en Georgia solo ven un tercio de los celos. Los celos perdidos son uno de varios factores que contribuyen a intervalos largos entre partos. Al aumentar el número de celos observados es …

Spanish Series: Guía Visual de las Abejas Comunes de los Campos de Arándanos en el sureste de Georgia (C 1295-SP) Autor adicional: Michael Ulyshen, entomólogo investigador, Servicio Forestal de EE. UU. Esta guía muestra las abejas silvestres más comunes de las plantaciones de arándanos en el sur de Georgia. El material presentado aquí es un resumen visual del muestreo de 2021 y 2022 en campos comerciales de arándanos de los condados productores más importantes: Bacon, Pierce y Ware. En total, se encontraron m…

Spanish Series: Hogares Saludables: Cómo Eliminar el Moho en su Hugar (C 1047-2-SP) El moho crece a partir de las esporas, que se encuentran naturalmente en el aire y no se pueden ver a simple vista. Las esporas de moho actúan como semillas, haciendo que el moho crezca si las condiciones son adecuadas. El moho suele ser fácil de detectar. Aunque es posible utilizar pruebas para determinar la presencia de moho, por lo general no es necesario o recomendado hacerlo, usted puede dete…

Spanish Series: Identificación y Control de la Mancha Larga de Céspedes Causada por Rhizoctonia en Georgia (C 1088-SP) La mancha larga causada por Rhizoctonia es una de las enfermedades mas comunes y severas de cespedes de clima calido en georgia y en los Estados Unidos. La publicacion contiene informacion importante en la biologia del gente causal, descripcion detallada de los sintomas de la enfermedad (con fotografias de alta definicion), informacion relevante y reciente en las condiciones que favorecen la enfer…

Spanish Series: Identificación y Control de la Mancha por Microdochium (Fusarium) (C 1265-SP) Microdochium puede ser severo tanto en el césped principal como en Poa, Lolium, Festuca pero puede infectar a céspedes de clima cálido si estos tienen un crecimiento activo o están en semi-dormancia. La enfermedad se observa comúnmente en áreas que se han sido resembradas.

Spanish Series: Identificación y Control de Lespedeza en Céspedes (B 1395-SP) La lespedeza común (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schind syn. Lespedeza striata) es una leguminosa anual de verano sin organización en sus ramificaciones, que es una maleza problemática en céspedes de jardines residenciales así como en otras áreas de césped. [Common lespedeza (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schind syn. Lespedeza striata) is a freely branched, summer annual legume that is a problematic…

Spanish Series: La Biología de Termitas Subterráneas del Este de los Estados Unidos (B 1209-SP) Las termitas subterráneas son los insectos sociales que viven en una sociedad en donde la mayoría de los miembros son insectos inmaduros o juveniles. Sus colonias pueden incluir de miles a millones de termitas, y a pesar de tener un cuerpo-suave, frágil y delicado son insectos formidables. En la naturaleza, las termitas subterráneas están estrechamente asociadas con el hábitat o entorno del suelo …

Spanish Series: La Vivienda: Su Mayor Prioridad: Cuando Disminuyen sus Ingresos (C 1041-6-SP) Cuando sus ingresos disminuyen o no alcanzan a cubrir sus gastos como antes, la planificación cuidadosa puede ayudarle a evitar el desalojo de su unidad de alquiler o la pérdida de su hogar.

Spanish Series: Las Recetas de Limpieza Ecológicas para un Hogar Saludable (C 1117-SP) • Las siguientes páginas “Limpieza ecológica: Recetas para un Hogar Saludable”, deben imprimirse por las dos caras de un papel de calidad gruesa. • Las recetas con números impares se imprimirán en un lado de la cara del papel y las de números pares en el otro lado de la cara del papel. • De tal manera, cada receta puede cortarse y laminarse (o usted puede laminar la página completa y después corta…

Spanish Series: Limpieza de Arboles Dañados por Tormentas (C 1199-SP) Los árboles son los que mas se dañan en las tormentas y son estos los mas peligrosos de limpiar. Los arboles dañados por tormentas están sujetos a una gran cantidad de peligros asociados con la tala de arboles y mucho, mucho mas. Las condiciones de trabajo pueden ser muy difíciles. Los arboles caídos se pueden enredar con otros arboles, o caerse en edificios, vehículos o alambres. La energía apres…

Spanish Series: Lista de Verificación para el Mantenimiento del Hogar (C 1082-SP) Al igual que su salud personal, la salud de su hogar se deteriorará sin un cuidado y mantenimiento regular. Mantener un ambiente interior saludable ayuda a aumentar su calidad de vida y la vida de su casa. Con unos sencillos pasos puede mantener su hogar saludable. Utilice esta lista de verificación como guía para sus evaluaciones periódicas de mantenimiento del hogar en primavera y otoño. Tenga e…

Spanish Series: Lista de Verificación para Moho y Humedad (C 1083-SP) Las esporas del moho solo necesitan un ambiente favorable, alimentos (madera, papel, alfombra, etc.) y humedad para crecer. Si no se detecta o se trata, el moho puede provocar efectos negativos para la salud, como reacciones alérgicas, infecciones respiratorias y más. Use esta lista de verificación como una guía básica para inspeccionar su hogar en busca de señales de exceso de humedad y crecimien…

Spanish Series: Los Arándanos y Su Producción (C 1278-SP) El arándano alto del sur, es un híbrido que requiere pocas horas de frio—una aproximación de cuantas horas la planta requiere estar expuesta a temperaturas de entre 32 a 45 °F para romper la dormancia y empezar iniciación floral—comparado con el arándano alto del norte. Por lo que permite al estado de Florida y áreas del Sur de Georgia posicionarse en el mercado estadounidense en los meses de Marz…

Spanish Series: Mancha Dólar de Cespedes en Georgia: Identificacion y Control (C 1091-SP) Mancha dólar es una enfermedad omnipresent en cespedes de clima calido y frio en el estado de Georgia. La publicacion contiene informacion importante en la biologia del gente causal, descripcion detallada de los sintomas de la enfermedad (con fotografias de alta definicion), informacion relevante y reciente en las condiciones que favorecen la enfermedad, asi como los metodos de control cultural, g…

Spanish Series: Mancha Gris en Céspedes de Georgia: Identificación y Manejo (C 1116-SP) En el estado de Georgia, la mancha gris afecta primordialmente al césped San Agustín y es particularmente dañino y muy prevalente en áreas costeras del estado. En fescue alto aparece en forma esporádica y se observa anualmente en la región norte del estado (zona del Piedmont). Afectando céspedes estresados por el calor. En la región sur y central de Georgia, la mancha gris es más activa en junio a…

Spanish Series: Manejo del Viñedo (C 1151-SP) Este póster del manejo del viñedo está basado en la fenología de la planta y proporciona una referencia para las buenas prácticas de manejo de las enfermedades y los insectos de la vid en un formato atractivo y digerible. Las prácticas vitícolas optimizan la salud, la rentabilidad y la sostenibilidad de los viñedos al mismo tiempo que mejoran la cantidad y calidad del cultivo. Al igual que el mane…

Spanish Series: Planificar Sus Gastos: Cuando Su Dinero Disminuye (C 1041-3-SP) Cuando sus ingresos disminuyen, desarrollar un presupuesto no es una opción, es una necesidad. Aunque el proceso de desarrollar su primer presupuesto familiar puede ser incómodo, no es un castigo. Es una herramienta esencial para poder seguir adelante y para seguir progresando. El primer paso es hacer una lista de sus obligaciones financieras, junto con el mejor estimado de sus gastos mensuales y …

Spanish Series: Pre-Establecimiento de Arándanos (C 1267-SP) Autora adicional: Natalia Espinoza, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences. Esta publicación cubre las consideraciones que los productores deben tener en cuenta al elegir un sitio para plantar arándanos. Describe las características del suelo que se necesitan para cultivar y producir arándanos, cómo identificar un buen suelo, su drenaje y cómo cultivos anteriores podrían afectar la productividad de …

Spanish Series: Programas de Sincronización de Hatos (B 1227-SP) Los datos del programa Dairy Records Management Systems (DRMS) demuestran que hatos de alta producción tienen índices de concepción bajos, y estos tienen también pasarán menos días abiertos y tienen una mayor taza de detección de celo. [This publication describes dairy herd synchronization programs will help improve your reproductive management efficiency. Try the one that fits your management sy…

Spanish Series: Resolución de Problemas de Prácticas Culturales en Tomate (C 1089-SP) El tomate es una de las hortalizas más populares que se cultivan en el huerto familiar. Si bien las plantas de tomate pueden producir una gran cantidad de frutas saludables y deliciosas, su cultivo puede resultar frustrante. Además de las enfermedades e insectos más comunes que atacan a los tomates en el huerto, también pueden ocurrir varios padecimientos asociados con las labores culturales. Es i…

Spanish Series: Resolviendo Problemas Después del Parto (B 1211-SP) La identificación y el diagnóstico temprano de problemas reproductivos relacionados a nuestro programa de salud del hato es una parte esencial de un manejo eficiente de nuestra producción lechera. Muchos factores durante el periodo horro (seco), el parto y la lactancia temprana pueden disminuir la eficiencia reproductiva. Estos incluyen la mastitis, quistes ováricos, falta de condición física (bod…

Spanish Series: Seguir Adelante: Cuando sus Ingresos Disminuyen (C 1041-1-SP) Sobrevivir a la economía puede ser un desafío y mucho más cuando no hay dinero. En esta publicación le presentamos y explicamos las claves para sobrevivir a la economía: piense de manera positiva, examine las posibilidades, y establezca un plan.

Spanish Series: Seguridad para Trabajadores Hispanos de Jardineria (B 1334-SP) Los hispanos representan la minoría más grande de los Estados Unidos con 42.7 millones de habitantes. Los trabajadores hispanos predominan en la industria de la agricultura urbana del estado de Georgia y conforman casi las tres/cuartas partes del total de obreros del estado. Los supervisores deben garantizar la comprensión e implementación de la seguridad laboral. Es imprescindible reconocer las b…

Spanish Series: Seguridad Usando Motosierras y Limpieza de Arboles (C 1198-SP) Muchas personas ayudan con la limpieza de los árboles después de las tormentas. Algunos son ciudadanos voluntarios; otros son trabajadores del sector público y privado que pueden o no tener experiencia con motosierras. Este PowerPoint cubre la información que todo operador de motosierra necesita saber antes de encender la motosierra. Los temas incluyen equipo de protección personal, las cinco cara…

Spanish Series: Tizón de Fuego de las Rosáceas: Síntomas, Causas y Tratamiento (C 871-SP) El tizón de fuego de las rosáceas es una enfermedad destructiva, altamente infecciosa y que ocurre en muchas partes del país y es causada por la bacteria Erwinia amylovora. El tizón de fuego es particularmente prevalente en algunos condados de Georgia. La enfermedad puede atacar los botones florales, las hojas, los meristemos apicales, ramas, frutos y las raíces. [Fireblight is a destructive, hig…

Spanish Series: Uso Seguro de la Motosierra: El Plan de Cinco Pasos para el Corte de un Árbol (C 1220-SP) Use estos cinco pasos para el corte de un árbol de forma segura de principio a fin. Este plan funciona para arboristas profesionales y los que no lo son. Cortar árboles con una motosierra es peligroso. La combinación de herramientas eléctricas y la caída de madera crea peligros. La aplicación del Plan de Corte de Cinco Pasos ayuda a identificar y mitigar el peligro en el corte de árboles de princi…

Spanish Series: Utilice los Recursos Comunitarios: Cuando sus Ingresos Disminuyen (C 1041-5-SP) Los recursos comunitarios pueden ser esenciales para sobrevivir periodos difíciles. Cada una de las comunidades donde vive, trabaja, se divierte, o practica sus creencias religiosas, puede ser una fuente de apoyo.

Speaking Spanish to Improve Dairy Cattle Reproduction (B 1344) This publication contains English-Spanish translations of common dairy reproduction terminology to help producers better use Spanish to evaluate reproductive management and communicate with employees.

Sport Fish Management in Ponds (B 732) Properly managed ponds supply an abundance of fish for recreation and nutrition. Stocking methods and catch rates are used to keep pond balance. Liming and fertilization recommendations for ponds in Georgia are important when planning fish harvest goals. A variety of fish species for pond stocking are discussed in this publication. Methods to improve pond balance, including fish population renovat…

Spring Center Pivot and Lateral Irrigation System Preparation (B 1452) The main objective of this fact sheet is to provide a checklist of what is needed to properly prepare a center pivot or lateral irrigation system for the production season. All of the topics covered apply to both pivot and lateral irrigation systems, but for brevity, only center pivots will be referenced. By using the items in this fact sheet as a guideline for preventative maintenance, most break…

Staking and Pruning Tomatoes in the Home Garden (C 1150) This publication gives both consumers and small vegetable farm growers options for providing support to their tomatoes in the vegetable garden. The circular covers the basics of how to successfully use different systems of staking to support tomatoes, how to prune and manage tomato plants for a healthier crop, and the benefits of pruning.

Starting Plants From Cuttings for the Home Gardener (B 1553) This publication shows home gardeners how to propagate many of their favorite landscape plants from cuttings at a home garden scale, using tools and resources available to them.

Starting Your Own Business: Community Resources (C 1046) Starting a new business is an exciting and scary time. Georgia's business sector has an abundance of entrepreneurial spirit, but getting started can be overwhelming. Fortunately, there are several community resources to assist small business owners. Learn how to get help with creating a business plan, making it legal and financing your business.

Steps in Starting a School Garden (C 1101) This publication explains the necessary steps for starting a school garden. To create a sustainable garden, the emphasis is placed on school and community support.

Stinging and Biting Pests (C 782) This publication contains descriptions and images, as well as methods of control, for common stinging and biting pests found in Georgia, including: bees, wasps, hornets, fire ants, scorpions, caterpillars, spiders, chiggers and flies.

Stockpiling Tall Fescue for Fall and Winter Grazing (C 920) Producing and/or purchasing hay to feed livestock through the winter represents a substantial expense. This publication details strategies and considerations when stockpiling and utilizing tall fescue.

Stored Product Pests in the Home (B 1378) Several dozen insect species infest food and non-food products of plant and animal origin commonly found in homes. Collectively, this group of insects is referred to as stored product pests. Most are small beetles or moths. For homeowners, often the first sign of a stored product pest infestation is the sudden, unexplained and then persistent presence of numerous insects in a particular area of th…

Storm Damaged Tree Cleanup (C 1199) Trees are often damaged in storms and can be extremely dangerous to clean up. Storm damaged trees are subject to all the perils associated with tree felling and much more. Working conditions may be difficult. Downed trees may be entangled in other trees, or tossed on buildings, vehicles, or wires. Energy stored in compressed limbs and trunks can be release suddenly, explosively, and fatally. Each …

Strategically Using Pregnancy Diagnosis to Identify Nonpregnant Cows (B 1538) Pregnancy diagnosis is an important part of reproductive management in productive beef cow-calf operations. Open cows decrease profitability as they utilize similar resources as pregnant cows without producing a marketable calf to justify these costs. With the move toward more efficient operations and inclusion of artificial insemination (AI) and other reproductive technologies in cattle productio…

Strawberry Maturity Indices and Quality (C 1308) In this video, you will learn how to judge the optimum maturity of strawberries for harvest and how to identify the main quality attributes that are important for maximum postharvest shelf life.

Stripe Rust (Yellow Rust) of Wheat (C 960) Stripe rust is an emerging disease in the state of Georgia. Evidence of increased aggressiveness of the disease has been reported recently. Rusts are the most economically important group of wheat diseases. More than $5 billion is lost to cereal rusts worldwide each year.

Success with Cover Crops (EB 102) This publication discusses the benefits of planting cover crops, how to select an appropriate cover crop to meet your needs, and includes information about using cover crops successfully.

Success with Mixed Containers Using Perennial and Woody Plants (B 1418) This publication offers information on types of plants suitable for mixed containers, with an emphasis on perennial and woody species and cultivars, as well as aesthetic qualities, cultural conditions and placement within the container.

Success with Pansies in the Winter Landscape: A Guide for Landscape Professionals (B 1359) This publication provides guidelines for the planting and care of pansies to ensure success, including planting time, bed preparation, plant spacing, planting procedures, fertilization, freeze protection, and common insect and disease problems. Since seasonal color is a high-cost investment in the landscape, it is important to get the maximum return on your investment by following these planting a…

Sugarcane Beetle: An Emerging Insect Pest in Georgia Turfgrass (C 1257) The sugarcane beetle has been a significant pest of many crops, including sugarcane, corn, sweet potato, and rice, for more than 100 years. It is a native species commonly found in turfgrass. While low numbers of beetles in an area generally are not regarded as pests, increasing numbers of adult beetles have been causing damage to turfgrass stands throughout the Southeastern U.S. The adult sugar…

Suggested Blueberry Fertilization Timings and Rates (C 1163) Fertilization is an important practice of maintaining plant health. The blueberry plant is no exception, but there are important considerations when fertilizing blueberries. The rates, timing, and type of fertilizer should be common knowledge for the grower. In this circular, how to fertilize blueberry plants is described with text, diagrams, and calculations to provide growers, Extension agents, …

Summer Management Strategies for School Gardens (C 1298) Summer management of the school garden can be a challenge for educators and school gardeners. This publication presents several possible strategies for handling the garden so that teachers and administrations come back to school in the fall with a garden ready for use.

Sweet Corn Variety Evaluation Report: Spring 2020 (AP 120-1) To increase productivity, it's important that growers select sweet corn cultivars adapted to particular growing conditions. The goal of this report is to provide growers, crop advisers, county educators, Extension agents, and specialists with a broad evaluation of different commercial sweet corn hybrids and their performance in different locations of the Southeast U.S.

Sweet Potato Production and Pest Management in Georgia (B 1489) Sweet potatoes are members of the Convolvulaceae family, which includes morning glory. They are native to tropical America and are a perennial plant there. In more temperate regions such as the United States, they are frost-sensitive and grown as annuals. Sweet potatoes are grown for their edible root, which is often mistakenly called a tuber, like white or Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Howe…

Take-All Root Rot of Warm-Season Grasses (C 1102) Take-all root rot (TARR) has emerged as a destructive disease in central, south and coastal Georgia. TARR affects all warm-season turfgrasses in Georgia, but it is more common and severe in St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum). This publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent, detailed descriptions of the disease symptoms (aided by high-quality, detailed…

Tattoo Application in Beef Cattle (C 1223) Livestock shows and purebred sales often require an ear tattoo as a form of permanent identification. If the rules of your next event require a tattoo, it is imperative for it to be accurate and easily read. Mistakes or improper application of tattoos can be very frustrating situations for everyone involved. Illegible, infected or incorrect digits are unfortunately common. Following a few key step…

Tea Scale: Biology and Management in the Nursery and Landscape (C 1201) The tea scale, Fiorinia theae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a serious economic pest of several ornamental plants in nurseries and landscapes in Georgia, including camellias and hollies. Tea scales are armored scales that cause chlorosis (yellowing) of the leaf tissue, and under severe infestations, they can cause plant death. These pests undergo multiple overlapping generations per year and are ver…

Ten Steps to a Healthier Home Lawn (C 1009) The key to disease control is a healthy plant. Under proper turfgrass management, disease-causing conditions are often reduced and healthy turf is maintained. The following management practices will help achieve vigorous, healthy turf and reduce turfgrass disease problems.

Termite Control Services: Information for the Georgia Property Owner (B 1241) Though subterranean termites are a normal component of soil around buildings, structural infestations are not necessarily inevitable. As discussed later, a home's susceptibility to termite infestation is dependent upon a number of things, including construction type, home maintenance, landscaping, and perhaps conditions in and around the structure that favor the activity, growth and survival of lo…

The Business of Beginning Farming: Getting started, financing, licenses, tax exemptions, and more (C 1283) Starting a farming or commercial production enterprise requires more than knowledge of agriculture or livestock management. The business side of farming is a critical factor in the success and sustainability of the enterprise. New and beginning farmers have many questions about planning, licensing requirements, financing options, training, and more (see Table 2). This publication can help answer s…

The Buzz About Bees: Bumblebees Have a Lot to Offer (C 1290) Bumblebees are prone to catch your attention with their sonicating buzz or conspicuous and colorful appearance. They are robust, fuzzy-looking insects, with varying bands of coloration and a hairy abdomen. This characteristic differentiates them from the look-alike carpenter bees. Carpenter bees have bald abdomens. Similar to honeybees, bumblebees are in the family Apidae; they are social bees but…

The Georgia Water Stewardship Act (C 995) The Water Stewardship Act is intended to demonstrate Georgia’s deep commitment to the conservation of critical freshwater supplies. This publication provides an overview of the provisions and obligations for local governments, public systems and state agencies.

The Georgia Water Stewardship Act: Farm Use Water Withdrawal Permits (C 994) The Water Stewardship Act is intended to demonstrate Georgia’s deep commitment to the conservation of critical freshwater supplies. This publication provides an overview of the major provisions affecting Georgia farmers and their use of the state’s most precious resource: WATER.

The Human Dimensions of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Series: Motivation (B 1578-01) Motivation is probably a term many of us have heard, or use, on a regular basis, whether it is getting out of bed early to start that exercise program we know we need to, or the healthier eating commitment we made as a New Year’s resolution. It may also be the challenge we face in getting our children to sit down and complete the summer reading we know is important for them. Despite the common use…

The Importance of Stripping Foremilk on Milk Letdown, Milk Quality, and Mastitis Detection (B 1543) According to the National Mastitis Council, the recommended milking procedure for dairy animals is 1) provide low-stress environment, 2) check foremilk and udder for mastitis, 3) wash or predip teats with an effective disinfectant, 4) completely dry teats with a single-use towel, 5) attach milking unit within 120 sec of teat stimulation, 6) adjust milking units as necessary, 7) shut off vacuum for…

The Intersection of Mosquito Management and Pollinator Protection (C 1188) Mosquitoes can transmit a wide variety of pathogens and significantly reduce our quality of life with their aggressive biting behavior. On the other end of the spectrum, pollinators are a critical part of our natural environment, contributing significantly to food production and ecological diversity. Honey bees, along with other pollinators, are susceptible to pesticides, and significant bee kills…

The Management and Use of Bahiagrass (B 1362) Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) is a long-lived, perennial warm season grass that is grown extensively in the southeastern United States. It is most commonly used as a pasture species, but can be used for hay production, erosion control, and wildlife habitat. Bahiagrass can also be used in "sod-based rotation" sequences that have been found to suppress pest problems (nematode and disease issu…

The Management and Use of Switchgrass in Georgia (B 1358) Recently, switchgrass has attracted attention as a potential bioenergy crop. High yields of biomass with relatively few inputs make switchgrass a favorable choice for bioenergy production. In contrast, the use of switchgrass in pastures and hayfields in Georgia is limited because other introduced species (e.g., bermudagrass, bahiagrass, tall fescue, etc.) are more easily managed for high yields an…

The National Extension Relationship and Marriage Education Model: Core Teaching Concepts for Relationship and Marriage Enrichment Programming (HDFS-E-157) With both the demand and the need for broader offerings of RME, a large number of programs have been developed, presenting somewhat of a dilemma for practitioners who are interested in providing effective programming that is research-informed. Based on an extensive review of the research, this model presents key patterns of thinking and behaviors associated with healthy, stable couple relationship…

The Spotted Lanternfly: A Potential Nuisance Pest on Trees in Ornamental Landscapes (C 1336) The spotted lanternfly is an invasive planthopper that can feed on a wide range of trees in the United States. The potential economic and environmental impact of spotted lanternflies is alarming, and threatens not only the livelihoods of many but also the biodiversity and beauty of our landscapes.

The Truth about Slime Molds, Spanish Moss, Lichens and Mistletoe (B 999) This publication contains basic information about slime molds, Spanish moss, lichens and mistletoe.

Think Outside the Boxwood: Alternative Plants for Gardens and Landscapes (C 1107) Since 2014, boxwood blight has been steadily spreading throughout Georgia landscapes and threatening large and economically important boxwood plantings. This publication provides alternative plants to replace boxwood in landscapes across Georgia. It offers updated information on new cultivars and cautions against use of plants on the GA-EPPC invasive plant list as well as species and cultivars aff…

Three Workbooks to Help Estimate Experimental Power (B 1491) Experimental power determinations are very important to agriculture and other applied sciences. It is necessary to be able to detect small differences when human and animal health or production profitability are in question. Yet textbooks on biostatistics for agriculturalists generally barely introduce the subject of how to design an experiment to detect some important difference between treatment…

Time Management: 10 Strategies for Better Time Management (C 1042) Learn 10 strategies for better time management, including knowing how to spend your time, setting priorities, using planning tools, getting organized, scheduling, delegating, and avoiding procrastinating, wasting time, and multitasking.

Timeline of the U.S.–China Trade Dispute and Tariffs on Cotton and Textile Trade (C 1259) In 2018, the Trump Administration proclaimed significant changes in tariff actions on a variety of U.S. imports, which led to retaliation by U.S. trading partners—including China and many U.S. allies. These actions led to a 2-year trade dispute between the United States and China. Global commercial ties were destabilized and the trade and investment transactions and flows were hampered by the resu…

Tips for Saving Water in the Landscape (C 1010) Research has shown that a landscape that has been carefully planned and installed and properly managed will be healthier, less prone to insects and diseases, and will require less irrigation. Georgia's landscape and turf industry and UGA Cooperative Extension are urging citizens to implement inexpensive and easy-to-perform landscape management practices that decrease the need for irrigation and/or…

Top 10 Nursery Production Integrated Pest Management Practices in the Southeast (C 1008) Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental risks. One hundred and seventy-eight horticultural producers were surveyed in 2009-10 to determine the IPM practices used by growers in the southeastern U.S. Growers were asked a series of questions ab…

Toxic Weeds and Trees in Horse Pastures (B 1571) A handy reference for identifying weeds that are toxic to horses, with pictures to aid identification, a brief description of the plants, and the specific toxicity symptoms associated with common weeds and trees that are poisonous to horses. It also gives tips on how to better manage pastures to prevent pasture-related plant toxicities.

Trap Cropping for Small-Market Vegetable Growers (C 1118) Trap crops are sacrificial plants that can draw damaging insects away from valuable crops. Small-market growers, as well as homeowners, are experiencing greater pressure to produce quality vegetables due to increasing insect activity. There is also concern among both growers and the public about environmental sensitivity. This publication introduces the effective and environmentally friendly use o…

Tree Ownership and Responsibility (C 1099) This publication discusses the ownership, responsibility, and liability of trees. It presents common situations in which a neighbor's trees encroach on another's property and suggests ways to resolve related conflicts.

Tree Planting Details (C 989) This publication contains information about planting trees and shrubs, and includes AutoCAD files, .jpg images and .pdf files with instructions and images.

Tropic Croton Identification and Control in Cotton and Peanut (C 865) This publication discusses tropic croton identification and control in cotton and peanut.

Tropical Plants Offer New Possibilities for Georgia Gardens (B 1272) The goals of these investigations were to achieve an aesthetically pleasing landscape while experimenting with mixing various plant habits, leaf textures and colors, and even flowers, and to raise consumer awareness, both at industry and public levels, of the alternative uses of tropical plants in the landscape. This publication presents plant performance data collected over a three-year period in…

Troubleshooting Cultural Problems in Tomatoes (C 1089) This publication is intended for general use audiences, including homeowners, civic groups, and master gardeners. It covers the basic troubleshooting procedures for solving common problems while growing tomatoes. It includes a description of both cultural and physiological problems and solutions.

Troubleshooting Salmonella in Poultry Processing Plants: Case Studies (B 1310) This publication provides suggestions regarding the proper tuning of a poultry processing plant to meet the USDA-FSIS standards for Salmonella levels, regardless of incoming Salmonella levels.

Troubleshooting Vegetable Production Problems in the Southeast (C 1054) This publication is designed for small market growers, homeowners, and Master Gardeners in order to be a quick reference guide for diagnosing common problems in vegetables.

Turfgrass Diseases in Georgia: Identification and Control (B 1233) This publication is a comprehensive guide to identifying and controlling turfgrass diseases in Georgia.

Turfgrass Diseases: Quick Reference Guide (C 891) A handy reference for the causal agents, susceptible turfgrasses, conditions promoting disease, symptoms, and control of: brown patch, dollar spot, Pythium, Helminthosporium leaf spot, fading out, gray leaf spot, fairy ring, take-all root rot, rust, slime mold, and nematodes.

Turfgrass Fertility Series: Turfgrass Fertility: Soil Texture, Organic Matter, Aeration, and pH (C 1058-1) Successful lawn care requires a basic understanding of soil properties. A healthy plant starts with healthy soil. Soil is a complex relationship of soil minerals, organic matter, soil inhabiting organisms, and plants along with water and air. Understanding when and how to aerate the soil and understanding what pH is and how it affects plant health is essential for turfgrass health. This publicatio…

Turfgrass Fertility Series: Turfgrass Fertility: Understanding Fertilizer Labels, Macronutrients, and Micronutrients (C 1058-2) A regular fertilization program is important to maintain healthy, attractive turf and should include applying the correct analysis of fertilizer, using the correct amount, and fertilizing at the proper time. Turfgrasses require a number of nutrients for growth. Three of these—carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen—are rarely lacking because grasses get these elements from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere an…

Turfgrass Field Day Series: 2016 Turfgrass Research Field Day Guide (AP 117-1) This is a biennial publication containing the proceedings of the turfgrass research field day carried out at the UGA Griffin Campus every other year. The guide provides professionals with continuous, real time access to the latest up-to-date information about turfgrass research studies, products, and turfgrass Extension activities, programs, and outreach. Topics will include, but are not limited …

Turfgrass Field Day Series: 2018 Turfgrass Research Field Day Guide (AP 117-2) This is a biennial publication containing the proceedings of the turfgrass field day carried out at the UGA Griffin campus every other year. The guide provides professionals with continuous, real-time access to the latest up-to-date information about turfgrass research studies, products, and turfgrass Extension activities, programs, and outreach. Topics will include, but are not limited to, crop a…

Turfgrass Field Day Series: 2022 Turfgrass Research Field Day Guide (AP 117-3) This biennial publication contains the proceedings of the turfgrass field day carried out at the UGA Griffin campus every other year; 2022 was the first field day since the 2018 field day because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The guide provides professionals with continuous, real-time access to the latest up-to-date information about turfgrass research studies, products, and turfgrass Extension activi…

Turfgrass Field Day Series: 2024 Turfgrass Research Field Day Guide (AP 117-4) This biennial publication contains the proceedings of the turfgrass field day carried out at the UGA Griffin campus every other year. The guide provides professionals with continuous, real-time access to the latest up-to-date information about turfgrass research studies, products, and turfgrass Extension activities, programs, and outreach. Topics will include, but are not limited to: crop and soil…

Turfgrass Pest Control Recommendations for Professionals (B 984) This publication includes recommendations and current guidelines for turfgrass pest control methods and materials in Georgia, as well as a turfgrass management calendar.

Two-Lined Spittlebug: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1157) The two-lined spittlebug is an important insect pest of turfgrass in Georgia. It attacks all turfgrass species, but centipedegrass is the most susceptible to spittlebug infestation. It also attacks some ornamental plants, including asters, hollies, and morning glories. The two-lined spittlebug injects toxins into the turfgrass, and the affected grass blades turn yellow and then brown or purple. Th…

UGA Basic Balancer (B 1371) The UGA Basic Balancer is a spreadsheet-based decision aid to formulate basic rations for beef cattle operations. The nutrient requirements used in this program are adapted from guidelines presented in the 2000 National Research Council publication “Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition: Update 2000." The UGA Basic Balancer program consists of a feed library, least cost feed…

UGA Feed Cost Analyzer (B 1377) The UGA Feed Cost Analyzer is a spreadsheet-based decision aid to compare potential feedstuffs on a price per pound of crude protein and energy (total digestible nutrients; TDN). This program consists of a feed library prepopulated with some common feedstuffs, a least cost feedstuff analyzer, and a feedstuffs replacement calculator. Each page contains step by step directions on how to use this dec…

UGA Programs for Controlling Ryegrass and Wild Radish in 2020-21 Wheat (C 1072) Ryegrass threatens Georgia wheat production as herbicide resistance has become very problematic. Aggressive resistant management programs must be implemented; ignoring this warning will ensure resistance that threatens long-term sustainability of grain production. Wild radish is the most problematic broadleaf weed infesting Georgia wheat. Wild radish seed pods often contaminate harvested grain, t…

Understanding and Improving Forage Quality (B 1425) The goal of this publication is to guide the user to a better understanding of basic forage quality terms and to recommend management changes that will improve forage quality. To that end, our objectives are to explain how forage quality is measured, describe how to interpret a forage analysis, present the effects of management on forage quality, and list the key management strategies that can inc…

Understanding and Using Cattle Basis in Managing Price Risk (B 1406) Understanding the concept of basis is a key element in developing a sound marketing plan. Basis refers to the relationship between a commodity’s cash price in a local market and its futures market price. A more formal definition of basis is the difference between the cash price and the futures price for the time, place and quality where delivery actually occurs. Even if a producer never uses the c…

Understanding Beef Carcass Reports (B 1326) Many retained ownership programs offer producers the opportunity to receive a level of data from the feed-yard and packing plant that is rarely available after those animals leave the farm. Producers can use this information to make genetic changes in their herd to better the marketability of their calves. However, before this information can be utilized, producers must understand what these terms…

Understanding Gestation in the Mare and the Potential for Problems (B 1461) To have a successful equine breeding program, producers must successfully manage animals both pre- and post-breeding to ensure delivery of a healthy foal while maximizing the health of the mare. The following information is designed give a basic understanding of how to identify pregnant mares, to outline major events in pregnancy development, and to identify some primary issues that can cause comp…

Understanding Laboratory Wastewater Tests: I. Organics (BOD, COD, TOC, O&G) (C 992) For most people a complete understanding of the standard methods required to accurately complete critical wastewater analytical tests is not necessary. However, a fundamental understanding of the theory behind and working knowledge of the basic procedures used for each test, and the answers to commonly asked questions about each test can be a valuable tool for anyone involved in generating, monito…

Understanding Laboratory Wastewater Tests: II. Solids (TS, TSS, TDS, TVS, TFS) (C 1276) With the passing of the Clean Water Act and subsequent creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the early 1970s, industrial, institutional, and commercial entities have been required to continually improve the quality of their process wastewater effluent discharges. The determination of wastewater quality set forth in environmental permits has been established in a series of l…

Understanding Reproductive Events in the Mare for Successful Breeding Programs (B 1434) A solid understanding of mare cyclicity is the foundation on which to build or evaluate an equine breeding program. Horses differ from other species both in timing of cyclicity as well as endocrine patterns within a cycle. Basic principles can aid horse breeders in more effectively timing and breeding with or without hormone manipulation. This publication provides an in-depth explanation of the s…

Understanding Stocking Rate in Pasture Systems (B 1568) A good grazing management plan is essential to producer success for any grazing livestock production system. One of the keys to building a grazing management plan is to have a good understanding of the stocking rate on your farm and how this relates to forage availability. Stocking rate is a critical factor in all grazing operations, no matter the livestock species. By accurately determining stock…

Understanding Wastewater Treatment Systems (EB 100) Many Georgia communities are wrestling with wastewater disposal issues. The choices a community makes may affect its growth and environmental quality. This PowerPoint presentation presents the basics of wastewater treatment systems so that community leaders can make better-informed choices.

Unless You Test, It’s Just a Guess: How to Take, Interpret, and Utilize a Forage Sample (C 1287) This circular is useful for anyone working directly with livestock producers on interpreting and using forage reports. It also provides a "checklist" for taking forage samples from hay or baleage bales. It summarizes how to properly collect a forage sample, read the basic components of the lab's report, and use the report for developing a basic feed plan.

Upland Cotton Marketing Using MAL and LDP: Which Option is Better? (C 1222) The Agricultural Act of 2018 (2018 U.S. Farm Bill) extended the nonrecourse marketing assistance loan (MAL) and loan deficiency payment (LDP) feature for the 2019 through 2023 crop years for upland cotton. This publication provides examples and a decision tree for choosing between the marketing assistance loan and loan deficiency payment program for cotton.

Urban Entomology Pest Series: Argentine Ants (C 926) Argentine ant infestations are often more common during uncommonly hot, dry summers. Warm temperatures accelerate and promote colony growth, and may lead to larger than normal ant populations.

Urban Entomology Pest Series: Carpenter Ants (C 929) Carpenter ants are perhaps the largest of the pest ants likely to be encountered by homeowners and pest management professionals. This publication has several measures to help prevent problems with carpenter ants.

Urban Entomology Pest Series: Identifying the Formosan Subterranean Termite (C 868) Although rare, Formosan subterranean termite infestations have been found in Georgia. Formosan termites are not native to the U.S. They are commonly spread by movement of infested railroad crossties used in the construction of retaining walls and other landscape features.

Urban Entomology Pest Series: Managing Tawny Crazy Ants: Guidelines for the Pest Management Professional (B 1521) Tawny crazy ants (TCA), or Nylanderia fulva [Mayr], are one of a number of pest ant species that have been accidentally introduced to the U.S. mainland from abroad (Figure 1). The establishment and subsequent expansion of TCA have proven to be a major nuisance to property owners, disrupting ecological balance by outcompeting native ant species, negatively affecting various arthropod and vertebrate…

Urban Entomology Pest Series: The Tawny Crazy Ant, Nylanderia fulva, in Georgia (C 1064) The Tawny crazy ant is a highly invasive species from South America. It was introduced into port cities in Florida and Texas. It was detected in Albany, GA, in August 2013 and in Camden and Glynn counties in Georgia in August 2014. The ant somewhat resembles the invasive Argentine ant. This circular is meant to help homeowners and pest management professionals identify the Tawny crazy ant and diff…

Urban Gardening: Assessing Soils for Contamination (C 1075) Urban gardeners and farmers may have concerns about potentially harmful contaminants in their soils. By determining the historical use of the land, one can test for soil contamination associated with prior use. This publication outlines appropriate testing procedures for soil contamination and recommends best gardening practices for working in urban soils.

Using a Rising Plate Meter to Measure Pasture Mass (B 1528) Measuring, monitoring, and managing forage requires producers to regularly measure how much forage mass is present and how quickly that forage is growing. By using a rising plate meter, producers can assess the forage mass across several pastures quickly and with reasonable accuracy. Then, by comparing available forage in individual paddocks from one week to another, producers can determine the gr…

Using Chemicals in Pond Management (B 866) Chemicals are applied to ponds and lakes to control aquatic weeds, to eliminate undesirable fish, to control undesirable insects and aquatic vertebrates, and to correct undesirable water quality problems. Pond owners are often confused by terminology, units of measure, and formulations. This publication explains how to safely and effectively use chemicals for pond management.

Using Container Composters for Disposal of Poultry Mortality (B 1550) Commercial poultry producers are looking for ways to improve their environmental impact and also to increase their profitability. Using container composters as a method of daily mortality disposal can be a viable option. Container composters are environmentally friendly compared to the incineration of carcasses, which can result in the emission of atmospheric particulates and greenhouse gases.

Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets (B 1311) Cotton byproducts offer a variety of feed ingredients that can lower the cost of beef cattle production. Cottonseed meal and whole cottonseed can be used in rations for any class of cattle. Gin trash and cottonseed hulls are low-energy feedstuffs that are used as a roughage source in high energy diets or as a partial energy replacement in mature cow diets. Cotton stalk residue can maintain a dry p…

Using Distillers Grains in Beef Cattle Diets (B 1482) With the growth of the ethanol industry in recent history, the availability of distillers grains, a byproduct of ethanol production, has increased. Distillers grains can serve as an excellent source of nutrients for beef cattle. However, several considerations must be taken into consideration before utilizing this resource. These include economics, nutrient content and potentially deleterious effe…

Using Futures Markets to Manage Price Risk in Feeder Cattle Operations (B 1404) In today’s farming environment of extreme price volatility and large debt commitments, most livestock producers need the security of one or more of the advantages offered by price risk management. Livestock producers who are selling products or purchasing inputs can do one of two things when making pricing decisions: accept the market price when they are ready to deliver products or purchase input…

Using Live Animal Carcass Ultrasound in Beef Cattle (B 1337) One tool that aids producers in the efficient and profitable production of beef cattle is live animal carcass ultrasound. The use of carcass ultrasound is an economical way cattlemen can make genetic improvements in carcass traits, which will, in turn, put profits in their pockets.

Using SpotOn® Digital Meter for Boom Sprayer Calibration (C 1252) Boom sprayer calibration using conventional methods (catching flow for certain time or distance) for large (60-90 ft; 54-72 nozzles) boom sprayers can be a time-consuming process. This short publication outlines steps to take to verify nozzle output and calibrate a boom sprayer, including tables with useful information on flow rates at multiple speeds for two common nozzle spacings and an equation…

Using Surfactants, Wetting Agents, and Adjuvants in the Greenhouse (B 1319) Many pesticides require the addition of an adjuvant, and some do not. When applying fungicides, insecticides or herbicides without a recommended adjuvant, 30 percent to 50 percent reduction in pest control can be expected. Adjuvants may cause damage to a plant if the wrong adjuvant is used or if it is used at too high a concentration. Using the correct adjuvant on a greenhouse crop is a critical d…

Vaccination as a Tool to Control Mastitis in Dairy Cows (B 1501) Due to cows' universal exposure to manure, which contains E. coli and other gram-negative bacteria, as well as the requirement to maintain sec as low as possible, all cows should be vaccinated with one of the coliform vaccines available on the market. These vaccines have been proven to significantly reduce clinical coliform mastitis and have been shown to be profitable when incidence of clinical c…

Vaccine Handling: Producer Tips for Chuteside Success (B 1431) Vaccines are an integral part of a comprehensive herd health program. When used in conjunction with other management tools, vaccines can reduce both the risk and impact of disease in beef cattle herds. Nevertheless, when used inappropriately, vaccines can be virtually useless and, in some cases, result in impaired productivity and significant economic losses.

Validating Antimicrobial Interventions in Poultry Processing (C 1204) Poultry processors have incorporated numerous antimicrobial interventions in the slaughter process to reduce the prevalence and/or concentrations of foodborne pathogens Salmonella and Campylobacter. The conventional process is to evaluate the efficacy of the incorporated antimicrobial interventions in reducing either indicator microorganisms or the foodborne pathogens immediately after the interve…

Variety Selection and Seed Saving for Organic Growers (B 1486) This publication provides information on variety types, suggested vegetable varieties for organic production, and steps to saving your own seed. Organic farming and vegetable production are becoming increasingly popular. Nationally, organic sales have increased 80% since 2007, organic produce has a wholesale value typically twice that of conventional produce, and 75% of organic products are sold …

Vaseygrass Control in Pastures and Hayfields (C 1330) Vaseygrass is a warm-season perennial grass weed commonly found in pastures and hayfields in the southern half of Georgia. Recently, vaseygrass has begun to spread north in Georgia and can now be found sporadically throughout the Piedmont region of the state.

Vegetable Gardening in Georgia (C 963) When space is limited, a plentiful supply of crops such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplant and okra can be grown with a few properly cared-for plants.

Vineyard Canopy Management Series: Fruit Zone Management (C 1219) The “Vineyard Canopy Management Series” of Extension circulars reviews a number of canopy-management practices individually. Each circular advises how to effectively implement a canopy-management practice and why it is important to do so. The practices collectively known as “canopy management” aim to maximize canopy leaf exposure, maintain crop yield and quality, decrease disease, and improve vine…

Vineyard Canopy Management: Shoot Thinning (C 1152) Shoot thinning is the first seasonal canopy management practice in wine grape vineyards, but shoot thinning is not implemented in muscadine vineyards. Failure to shoot thin results in a highly congested canopy characterized by reduced air flow, high humidity, and extended damp periods. Muscadines can generally tolerate such conditions without adverse effects. Wine grapes grown in crowded fruit zon…

Vineyard Frost Protection (B 1490) The vineyard industry is growing across Georgia and across the Eastern United States. Frost is a perennial threat in these regions, and reducing frost risk can save approximately $48,000 per acre in return revenues. Since many growers new to the industry will be planting vineyards, it is important that they are aware of the risk of frost and ways to avoid it. This bulletin also serves as a good re…

Virginia Buttonweed Identification and Control in Turfgrass (B 1397) This publication discusses ways to identify and control Virginia buttonweed, a troublesome broadleaf weed in turfgrasses throughout the Southeast.

Visual Evaluation of Beef Cattle for Breeding (B 1556) Beef cattle evaluation is important for all segments of the cattle industry. Visual evaluation allows you to compare animals not only for various economically viable traits, such as growth performance and potential carcass merit, but also for traits that are indicators of functionality in each production environment, such as skeletal structure. These traits are often difficult to quantify and are …

Visual Guide to Common Bees of Blueberry Fields in Southeast Georgia (C 1295) Additional author: Michael Ulyshen, Research Entomologist, U.S. Forest Service. This visual guide helps people identify common wild bees encountered in blueberry systems. The contribution of wild bees to blueberry pollination has is becoming widely recognized. Proper identification of these insects in the field is critical part of conservation efforts.

Visual Guide to Common Wild Bees in Apple Orchards in North Georgia (C 1324) Wild bees are effective pollinators of crops and native flowers, shrubs, and trees. They are naturally present and can supplement honey bees in apple pollination. Boosting their numbers by habitat development and conservation can be of considerable commercial and ecological value to producers and consumers. This guide is intended to highlight most common wild bees in North Georgia apple orchards.

Visual Guide to Common Wildflowers of South Georgia (C 1288) Wildflowers not only beautify the landscape but also provide food and shelter for myriad insects, birds, and mammals. Georgia is rich in endemic (belonging in a particular area or environment) species which grow in a wide variety of habitats, from coastal dunes and pine sandhills to savannas, meadows, and forests. Although many species are primarily seen in undisturbed natural habitats, others hav…

Visual Reference Guide to Common Predators and Pests in Georgia Cotton (C 1161) This quick reference guide provides an overview of common pests and predator groups and their sizes, habitat preferences, and timing in cotton fields. This visual guide is intended to help facilitate future scouting and provide information on common predatory arthropods in Georgia cotton systems. When growing cotton, scouting for key pests and beneficials is critical to making informed and cost ef…

Viticulture Management (C 1151) This phenology-based viticulture management poster provides a reference for sound viticultural, disease, and insect management practices in a digestible format. Viticultural practices optimize vineyard health, profitability, and sustainability and improve crop quantity and quality. Like pest management, viticultural practices should be implemented in a timely fashion throughout the growing season …

Water Quality and Common Treatments for Private Drinking Water Systems (B 939) An abundant supply of clean, safe drinking water is essential for human and animal health. Water from municipal or public water systems is treated and monitored to ensure that it is safe for human consumption. Many Georgia residents, especially in rural areas, rely on private water systems for human and livestock consumption. Most private water systems are supplied by wells. Water from wells in Ge…

Water Requirements and Quality Issues for Cattle (SB 56) Water is the most important nutrient for cattle. It accounts for 50 to 80 percent of an animal's weight and is involved in every physiological process. Cattle cannot adapt to water restriction and feed intake greatly decreases if water is restricted. Water availability and quality can become a major issue during a drought. It is important to check water sources frequently for water availability an…

Water Reuse in Poultry Processing: Now addressed in the HACCP program (C 901) The USDA-Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) indicated that if water is to be reused in a poultry processing facility, then this reuse water must be accounted for in the plant’s HACCP program.

Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia Series: Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia: Brassica Crops (C 1169) This publication is the second in a series focusing on irrigation scheduling for vegetable crops. It contains basic guidance on water use and irrigation management for Brassica crops such as cabbage, leafy greens, broccoli, and cauliflower, and this information should assist growers in scheduling irrigation.

Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia Series: Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia: Solanaceae Crops (C 1216) This publication is part of a series focusing on irrigation scheduling for vegetable crops. It contains basic information on water use and irrigation management using the crop water demand method for Solanaceae crops such as bell peppers, tomatoes, and eggplants.

Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia Series: Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia: Watermelon (Citrullis lanatus) (C 1183) This circular contains the fundamentals of watermelon irrigation scheduling using the crop water demand method. Decisions regarding the timing, frequency, and amount of water required for a crop are some of the most critical factors in vegetable production. There are numerous irrigation scheduling strategies employed by growers, but the crop water demand method of irrigation management is one of t…

Water-Wise Landscape Guide for the Georgia Piedmont (B 1444) Do you want a landscape that is beautiful, saves you time, effort and money and uses less water? If you do, a water-wise landscape is for you. Water-wise landscapes are designed, organized, and maintained by practices that use water strategically and wisely. Follow the seven basic steps outlined in this guide to create a beautiful water-wise yard or home garden.

Watson Training System for Bunch Wine Grapes (B 1522) There are two main trellising system categories: divided and single canopy. Jerry Watson, a grape grower and owner of Austin County Vineyards in Cat Spring, Texas, developed the divided canopy “Watson System” in 2002 to solve some issues he was having with bunch rot management and harvest inefficiency in his ‘Blanc Du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’ vineyards. By adding a series of cross arms and catch wires t…

Wax Scale Insect: What is the White Glob on My Twigs? (C 1291) Scale insects are very common pests of landscape trees and shrubs, yet they often are overlooked when scouting. They can, however, be responsible for chlorosis (loss of green coloration of plants due to lack of chlorophyll), branch dieback, or death of the plant. Wax scales are part of the soft scale group as they produce soft, cottony, powdery, or waxy covers that cannot be separated from the sca…

Weed Control in Home Lawns (B 978) Weeds can be major pests of home lawns. Due to differences in color, leaf size, shape and growth habit, weeds detract from the natural beauty of desirable turfgrasses. Additionally, weeds compete with turfgrasses for sunlight, soil moisture, nutrients and space. Many weeds can quickly become the dominant species in a lawn. This publication contains comprehensive information about weed control in h…

Weed Control Options for the Home Vegetable Gardener (C 1144) This publication covers the basics of different weed control options including mechanical, chemical, and environmentally friendly practices. The material provides both consumers and small vegetable farm growers options for weed control in their gardens. Weeds compete for space, steal nutrients and water from crops, and can look unsightly in the home garden. In general, weeds are easier to prevent …

Weed Wizard Series: Controlling Florida Betony in the Landscape (C 867-11) Florida betony is a “winter” perennial and has a square stem with opposite leaves. Florida betony (also called rattlesnake weed and hedge nettle) is a problem weed in both turfgrasses and ornamentals.

Weed Wizard Series: Controlling Greenbrier (C 867-2) Greenbrier (Smilax spp.) is a difficult vine to control in the landscape. Also known as Catbrier, Cat Sawbrier and Sarsaparilla vine, once this climbing vine develops an extensive underground rhizome tuber system, it is difficult to control. This publication describes successful control methods.

Weed Wizard Series: Controlling Poison Ivy in the Landscape (C 867-10) Poison ivy (Rhus radicans) is a common poisonous plant in Georgia. Its preferred habitat is moist, deciduous forests and wooded areas; however, it is also found in pastures, fence rows, ornamental plantings and various types of noncropland areas. Every person who works outdoors with plants or participates in hiking, camping or other outdoor activities should be able to identify poison ivy. Failure…

Weed Wizard Series: Weed Control in Iris (C 867-8) With their beautiful flowers, irises are coveted as one of the finest herbaceous perennials. Unfortunately, like most garden plants, weed control in irises can be difficult. Established perennial broadleaf weeds can be extremely difficult to control, requiring special removal techniques. Fortunately, many annual broadleaf and grassy weeds can be easily controlled with mulches and the judicious use…

Weights and Processed Yields of Fruits and Vegetables (C 780) Marketing fresh fruits and vegetables at farmers markets, roadside markets, and pick-your-own farms is an important and growing method of marketing. However, many of the containers used are not practical for consumers.

What is a Weather Station and Can it Benefit Ornamental Growers? (B 1475) A weather station is a collection of instruments and sensors measuring atmospheric and soil conditions. Commonly measured environmental variables include light, temperature, relative humidity, rain, wind, and soil conditions (soil moisture, soil temperature, and/or soil bulk electrical conductivity). An on-site weather station allows growers to monitor the microclimate in a growing area. Weather c…

What’s the Word on Homemade Kombucha? (C 1312) Do you want to learn more about brewing kombucha at home? Learn about the historical roots of this fermented tea beverage and explore its global popularity, driven by perceived health benefits. Food safety is crucial in homebrewing, and we provide guidelines on equipment selection, hygiene practices, and acidity monitoring to prevent contamination. We also cover regulatory considerations regarding…

What’s Wrong with My Pepper? Common Defects of Bell Peppers Explained (C 1306) Various physiological disorders can affect the appearance and desirability of fresh market bell peppers; these often arise from environmental stresses and nutritional imbalances. Understanding these physiological issues is essential for growers to manage and mitigate them effectively. These disorders are common and are related to plant growth and development, not diseases. This circular shows thes…

What’s Your Flavor? Bee Preferences for Crape Myrtle Cultivars (C 1185) Crape myrtles, Lagerstroemia spp., are popular landscape shrubs and small trees. Native to China, Japan, and Korea southward to Oceania, crape myrtles have been cultivated in the U.S. for more than 175 years. Cultivars range from 3-ft shrubs to 30-ft-tall trees, and they are graced with large panicles of white, pink, lavender, purple, red, and many colors in between. Among cultivars, crape myrtles…

What's the “Beef” with Methane Emission and Cattle Production? (B 1453) In recent years, global climate change has been one of the most frequently discussed scientific ideas in the popular press. Terms like “global warming” and “greenhouse gas” have been politicized with little discussion of what they really mean, shedding more heat than light on scientific discussions of changing climate. Concerns about the relative contributions of greenhouse gases from different in…

When to Harvest Vegetables (C 935) This circular gives suggestions for determining the proper stage of maturity for harvesting many vegetables.

When Your Income Drops Series: Housing: Your Top Priority (C 1041-6) Keeping a roof over your head is an important concern when your income drops or doesn't go as far as it used to. Careful planning can help you avoid eviction from your rental unit or the loss of your home.

When Your Income Drops Series: Insurance Matters (C 1041-4) When times are hard, it is tempting to drop your insurance coverage. This may be OK for some coverage, but not for others. You do not want to put yourself in a worse financial situation than you are already in. Learn about the different types of insurance to help you make the decision about what insurance to keep, reduce, or get rid of.

When Your Income Drops Series: Moving Forward (C 1041-1) Experiencing a loss of income can be devastating. Getting by with less may seem like an impossible task. Learn how to move forward by implementing the keys to success: thinking positive, considering the possibilities, and mapping out your plan.

When Your Income Drops Series: Planning your Spending (C 1041-3) When your income drops, developing a realistic family spending plan is not optional—it is necessary. Learn how to reduce spending and pay debt so you can make sure essential costs can be covered.

When Your Income Drops Series: Tap into Community Resources (C 1041-5) Community resources can make a big difference in your ability to make it through hard times. Learn about support networks and resources that may be available to help in your community.

When Your Income Drops Series: What About Your Assets? (C 1041-2) Now that you are living on less, it is tempting to cash in your assets to pay the bills and make ends meet. Start thinking about the types of assets you have and the long-term implications of cashing them in.

White Clover Establishment and Management Guide (B 1251) White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a cool season perennial legume of Mediterranean origin. White clover has been used as a forage in North America since Colonial times. Benjamin Franklin noted its prevalence in cleared and disturbed land as early as 1746. There are many animal and agronomic related reasons for establishing a productive stand of white clover in existing grass pastures. This publ…

White Grub Pests of Turfgrass (C 940) White grubs are the larvae of scarab beetles. All are C-shaped, white to dirty white in color, with a brownish head and legs.

White Striping in Broiler Breast Meat (B 1472) White striations in broiler breast meat tend to reduce customer confidence because severe white striping means that the cooked meat will be tougher than meat with low white striping. There is also higher fat content in meat with severe white striping. Consumers will not buy broiler breast meat with high fat and moderate to severe white striping because it is inferior in quality and nutritional val…

Whitefly-Transmitted Plant Viruses in South Georgia (B 1507) The silverleaf whitefly (SLWF), Bemisia tabaci, (also known as sweet potato whitefly) is a pest of a wide variety of horticultural and agronomic crops in southern Georgia. Adults and nymphs (Figure 1) have piercing-sucking mouthparts and feed on phloem, the transport tissue of plants, and remove plant sap. While this direct feeding can damage plants and lead to additional problems with the accumul…

Windows User-Friendly Feed Formulation for Poultry and Swine (RB 438) This publication (WUFFDA) provides a program designed to help formulate feeds for poultry and swine. It is available in the following languages: Afrikaanse, Chinese, Croatian, English, French, Korean, Minnesotan, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish and Farsi.

Winemaking at Home (C 717) This publication provides essential material and detailed instructions for successfully making wine at home. The information is designed for beginners who do not know where to begin and for experienced amateurs who run into difficulties.

Winter Protection of Ornamental Plants (C 872) Cold damage to ornamental plants can be a problem during the winter in the Georgia landscape. Regardless of where you live, recommended practices can maximize the chances that your prized landscape plants will survive the winter.

Winterizing Your Irrigation System (B 1439) Irrigation systems are used by farmers and homeowners to supply supplemental water to their crops. At the end of the growing season, the irrigation system should be checked and winterized to maintain proper operation for the coming season. This publication provides a list of suggested things that should by done on both drip and center pivot systems to help protect them during the winter months.

Your Good Credit Series: Managing Credit Wisely (C 1043-3) Carefully shopping for credit and avoiding credit dangers offer the best defense against credit problems. This publication covers credit dangers, the credit pyramid, and how to ensure you maintain good credit.

Your Good Credit Series: Understanding Your Credit Report (C 1043-1) Learn what makes someone credit worthy and the importance of a credit report. This publication covers how to obtain a credit report and how to understand what it contains.

Your Good Credit Series: Understanding Your Credit Score (C 1043-2) Learn what a credit score is and why it is important. This publication covers what is considered and average credit score and what factors influence your score.

Your Household Water Quality: Odors in Your Water (C 1016) Homeowners sometimes experience unpleasant odors in their household water. In many cases, the exact cause of the odor is difficult to determine by water testing; however, this publication provides a few general recommendations for treating some common causes of household water odors.

Youth-Focused Relationship Education: Helping Georgia's Youth Become Relationship Smart (B 1537) Developmentally, one of the ways adolescents explore who they are is through romantic relationships. How adolescents approach these relationships is influenced by the relationships modeled around them. While some youth may have witnessed and learned about positive couple interactions from good models, many may have witnessed only poor models of couple relationships. Educational programs on healthy…

You've Got the Power Series: Financial Power of Attorney (C 1113-3) A power of attorney is a legal document that allows another person to act on your behalf. The individual who gives the power is called the principal, and the designated person who is given the power is known as the agent or attorney-in-fact. The agent does not have to be an attorney and can be anyone you choose. It is advisable to make sure to choose an agent who is trustworthy, honest, and compet…

You've Got the Power Series: Living Will and Health Care Power of Attorney (C 1113-2) Your health could change at any time. In addition, your medical condition may prevent you from making decisions regarding your health care treatment. The good news is that there are legal documents that can be utilized to allow you to make choices regarding your health care if you are unable to do so. There are two main documents that can be utilized by you to make decisions about your health care…

You've Got the Power Series: Where There's a Will, There's a Way (C 1113-1) A will is a legal document that is written by you (the testator or will-maker) that dictates how your property and assets will be distributed upon your death. A will also directs any estate taxes that you may owe, appoints a person to administer your estate based on your requests or state law (executor/executrix), and appoints a guardian for minor children among other things. If you have any asset…

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