Arsenic in your drinking water may damage your health. For further information about arsenic occurrence and health concerns of arsenic exposure, refer to the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Circular 858-12, Household Water Quality: Arsenic in Your Water, available online and at your local Extension office.
Because arsenic in household well water is usually dissolved from natural rock in the aquifer, water treatment is the only way to eliminate it. Arsenic in well water occurs in two different forms, “arsenic-III” and “arsenic-V.” Arsenic-III is more toxic to humans and is more difficult to remove than arsenic-V. Because both arsenic forms are found in some Georgia ground water, home treatment systems (like the one described below) should remove both.
If you have tested your water and the arsenic level is greater than 10 parts per billion (ppb), you should re-test to confirm the result before obtaining a treatment system. When re-testing for arsenic, also test the pH, phosphate, silica, hardness, iron, manganese and sulfate levels. The pH, phosphate and silica levels will help your water treatment professional estimate the life of arsenic treatment media, and the hardness, iron, manganese and sulfate levels will determine whether a pre-treatment step is necessary.
Treatment Technology
Arsenic removal from water requires special adsorption media. Granular ferric oxide, titanium and hybrid media that contain iron-impregnated resin are all highly effective, but there are differences in media life. Before choosing a treatment technology, homeowners should ask water treatment providers to estimate the number of days that media can remove arsenic based on their water usage and water test results. The media are either contained in tanks for whole-house treatment or in cartridges for point-of-use (POU) treatment. Whole-house treatment is intended to treat all water for the house. The POU treatment system is installed at one location, such as a kitchen faucet, that provides water for drinking and cooking.
The whole-house treatment system usually is the preferred treatment technology for arsenic removal, and its media typically lasts for 2 to 3 years. Given the higher initial cost of whole-house system, homeowners can consider a POU system that would provide enough water for drinking and cooking in an average household. However, some arsenic exposure may continue from drinking from other faucets, bathing, showering and brushing teeth. The media in POU systems typically lasts for one year.
Some well water may need to be pre-treated before it goes through the arsenic treatment system to extend the system's life. A water treatment professional can provide information and equipment for pre-treatment. The pre-treatment step is generally recommended when water has one or more of the following test levels:
- Iron higher than 0.5 parts per million (ppm)
- Sulfate higher than 100 ppm
- Manganese higher than 0.05 ppm
- Hardness higher than 300 ppm
Figure 1. Diagram of a whole-house arsenic removal system.Installation
A typical whole-house adsorption system installed by a water treatment professional is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of a flow control module, an incoming water pressure gauge, an untreated water sampling port, a tank containing two cubic feet or more (depending on the size of the household and water test results) of adsorption media with backwash control valves, a shut-off valve and a sampling port for treated water. The system should be thoroughly backwashed before being placed into service. The system requires backwashing every 28 days or after treatment of every 8,000 gallons of water. Most systems have an automatic backwash option based on the volume of water treated or the time since the last backwash. This periodic backwash helps to “fluff” the bed to eliminate channeling and to remove sediment and minerals that increase the pressure and reduce water flow.
Performance Evaluation and Maintenance
Your treatment system should be monitored and maintained as recommended by the manufacturer. Follow the maintenance plan provided by the manufacturer or water treatment professional. You may consider the following:
Whole-House Adsorption System
A few days after installation, test the treated water to determine if arsenic has been removed. Follow the steps below to collect a water sample:
- Run cold water for 10 min at 3–5 gallons per minute.
- After 10 min and while running the water, fill a 100 mL plastic sample bottle from the sample port S-2 (Figure 1), being careful not to contaminate the sample.
The treatment system should remove all arsenic from the water. After installation, water should be tested once every 3 months or on a schedule recommended by the manufacturer or a water treatment professional to monitor arsenic removal. When arsenic in treated water tests above 5 ppb, the filter tank should be replaced.
Point-of-Use Adsorption System
The POU system uses under-sink cartridges that contain the same media as the whole-house system. The systems should be installed and maintained according to the manufacturer's instructions. Like the whole-house system, treated water should be tested for arsenic. A sample of treated water can be collected by first running cold water at full capacity for two to three minutes, then reducing the flow to a pencil-size stream of water and filling a 100 mL plastic sample bottle, being careful not to contaminate the sample.
An adequate POU treatment system should also remove all arsenic from the raw water. Water testing to monitor system performance should be done as recommended by the manufacturer or a water treatment professional. Cartridges are typically replaced once per year.
Other Considerations
In homes with water high in arsenic, minerals that have accumulated in water heaters may also contain arsenic. These minerals may release arsenic back into the treated water as it passes through the water heater. Therefore, homeowners with high arsenic levels should also consider testing their hot water after installing a whole-house treatment system and replacing the water heater if the levels are elevated.
References
Giles, G. (2003, March). POE arsenic reduction: New adsorption alternative for whole house treatment. Water Conditioning and Purification Magazine, 45(3), 50–54. https://wcponline.com/2003/03/15/poe-arsenic-reduction-new-adsorption-alternative-whole-house-treatment/
Maryland Department of the Environment. (2008). Arsenic Water Treatment for Individual Wells in Maryland. University of Maryland Extension. https://extension.umd.edu/resource/arsenic-water-treatment-individual-wells-maryland
National Sanitation Foundation. https://www.nsf.org/
New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services. (2021). Environmental Fact Sheet: Arsenic in New Hampshire Well Water (Publication No. dwgb-3-2). https://www.des.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt341/files/documents/2020-01/dwgb-3-2.pdf
Spayd, S. (2007). Arsenic water treatment for residential wells in New Jersey (Information Circular). New Jersey Geological Survey. https://www.nj.gov/dep/pwta/Arsenic_Treatment.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2001). Drinking Water Standard for Arsenic (Publication No. EPA 815-F-00-015). https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPdf.cgi?Dockey=20001XXC.txt
Status and Revision History
Published on Jan 21, 2011
Published with Full Review on Jan 04, 2014
Published with Full Review on Mar 28, 2017
Published with Full Review on Nov 06, 2023