Publications By Sue W. Chapman | UGA Cooperative Extension

1998 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-01) It is estimated that 1998 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $605 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was $3.63 billion, this giving a 16.6 perc…
1999 Corn Performance Tests (RR 661) Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia in 1999. Short-season, mid-season, and full-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the coastal plain …
1999 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-02) It is estimated that 1999 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $580.25 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was $4.124 billion, resulting in a 14.0…
1999 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (RR 664) This research report presents the results of the 1999 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following lo…
1999 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Grain Millet, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (RR 663) This research report presents the results of the 1999 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, grain millet, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were …
1999-2000 Small Grains Performance Tests (RR 666) Grain-evaluation studies were conducted at five locations, including Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, Griffin in the Piedmont region, and Calhoun in the Limestone Valley regio…
2000 Corn Performance Tests (RR 668) Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia and two locations in Florida in 2000. Short-season, mid-season, and full-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and M…
2000 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-03) It is estimated that 2000 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $572.34 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was more than $4.376 billion, resulting…
2000 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (RR 671) This research report presents the results of the 2000 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following loc…
2000 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Grain Millet, Sunflower, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (RR 670) This research report presents the results of the 2000 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, grain millet, sunflower, and summer annual forages.
2000-2001 Canola Performance Tests (RR 674) The 2000-2001 canola growing season was characterized by a dry and cool fall, an early and cold winter, and a mild spring. Soil conditions were extremely dry during September and October. This made la…
2000-2001 Small Grains Performance Tests (RR 673) Results of the 2000-2001 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain-evaluation studies were conducted at five locations, including Tifton, …
2001 Corn Performance Tests (RR 675) Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia and two locations in Florida in 2001. Short-season, mid-season and full-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains and Mid…
2001 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-04) It is estimated that 2001 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $587.107 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was more than $4.799 billion, resultin…
2001 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (RR 677) This research report presents the results of the 2001 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following loc…
2001 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Grain Millet, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (RR 676) This research report presents the results of the 2001 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, grain millet, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were …
2002 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-05) It is estimated that 2002 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $576.65 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4.376 billion, resul…
2003 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-06) It is estimated that 2003 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $682.67 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $5.399 billion, resul…
2005 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-08) It is estimated that 2005 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $537.44 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4377.6 million, resu…
2006 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-09) It is estimated that 2006 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $647.2 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4673.73 million, resu…
2007 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (SB 41-10) It is estimated that 2007 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $539.74 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4815.02 million, res…
2007 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63) This report contains research that evaluates disease and insect management programs, and new cultivars for agronomic aspects of tobacco production in Georgia.
2008 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-1) It is estimated that losses due to plant diseases in Georgia in 2008 amounted to $612.06 million. These losses include actual losses in yield and quality as well as costs of disease control measures. …
2008 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-2) The following research reports represent efforts of several research scientists to reduce production inputs in tobacco and thereby improve the profitability of tobacco production in Georgia.
2008-2009 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100) This report includes results of the 2008-2009 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage. Small grain forage evaluation tests were conducted at four locations in Georgia, which inclu…
2009 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-2) It is estimated that 2009 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $653.06 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $5887.33 million, res…
2009 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Summer Annual Forages and Sunflower Performance Tests (AP 103) This publication presents the results of the 2009 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, sunflower and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducte…
2009 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-3) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia.
2009-2010 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-2) Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plains and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, Griffin in the Piedmont region, Calhoun in the Limestone Valley…
2010 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-2) This publication includes the results of the 2010 corn performance trials. Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia in 2010. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were …
2010 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-3) It is estimated that 2010 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $701.2 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $4236.51 million, resu…
2010 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, Summer Annual Forages, and Sunflower Performance Tests (AP 103-2) This research report presents the results of the 2010 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, sunflower and summer annual forages.
2010 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-4) Like other agricultural enterprises, the tobacco industry has experienced a great deal of change in recent years and continues to evolve. Many challenges exist, including those associated with plant d…
2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Midville Location (AP 111) This publication discusses the results of the 2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Midville location.
2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Tifton Location (AP 112) This publication presents the results of the 2010 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Tifton location.
2010 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110) This publication provides information on the 2010 UGA uniform cotton variety performance evaluation program. This was a “first-ever” approach, in that it illustrates how variety performance can change…
2010-2011 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-3) Results of the 2010-2011 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, includi…
2011 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-3) In this research report, the results of the 2011 corn performance trials are presented. Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia (see map inside back cover) in 2011. …
2011 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-4) It is estimated that 2011 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $823.4 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6285.1 million, resul…
2011 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-3) This research report presents the results of the 2011 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages.
2011 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-5) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco programs at the University of Georgia.
2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Midville Location (AP 111-2) This publication presents the results of the This publication discusses the results of the 2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Midville location.
2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program - Tifton Location (AP 112-2) This publication presents the results of the 2011 UGA Cotton Defoliant Evaluation Program at the Tifton location.
2011 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110-2) The UGA Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program was a huge success in 2011, with 15 individual trials throughout Georgia’s cotton belt. This approach illustrates how variety performance can cha…
2011-2012 Georgia Small Grains Performance Tests (AP 100-4) Results of the 2011-2012 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, includi…
2012 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-4) In this research report, the results of the 2012 corn performance trials are presented. Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia in 2012. Short-season and mid-season …
2012 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2011-2012.
2012 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-5) It is estimated that 2012 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $855.98 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,647.83 million, re…
2012 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-4) This report contains the results of the 2012 soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages performance tests.
2012 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-6) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco programs at the University of Georgia.
2012 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110-3) The UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists established this variety testing program in 2010. Our 2012 industry representatives (Americot, Bayer CropScience, Dow AgroSciences and Monsanto Company) were asked…
2012-2013 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-5) This publication contains results of the 2012-2013 small grain performance tests in Georgia.
2013 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-5) In this research report, the results of the 2013 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; at…
2013 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108-2) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2012-2013.
2013 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-6) It is estimated that 2013 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to approximately $821.85 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,551.91 million, re…
2013 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-5) This research report presents the results of the 2013 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at s…
2013 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-7) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia.
2013 UGA Uniform Cotton Variety Performance Evaluation Program (AP 110-4) The UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists established this variety testing program in 2010. Our 2013 industry representatives (Americot, Bayer CropScience, Croplan Genetics, Dyna-Gro, Dow AgroSciences and …
2013 Vegetable Crops Research Report (AP 113) This publication contains a report of research trials done on vegetable crops in Georgia in 2013.
2013-2014 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-6) This publication contains results of the 2013-2014 small grain performance tests in Georgia.
2014 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-6) In this research report, the results of the 2014 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region; at…
2014 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108-3) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2013-2014.
2014 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-7) This annual publication is compiled by the Department of Plant Pathology based on input from department Extension personnel.
2014 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-6) This research report presents the results of the 2014 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at s…
2014 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-8) This report contains the most results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2014.
2014 University of Georgia Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114) This publication is a report of 2012-2014 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
2014/2015 Vegetable Crop Variety Trial and Research Report (AP 115) This publication is a report of research and Cooperative Extension trials conducted on cole crops, beans and peas, sweet corn, cucurbits, peppers, and tomato at the University of Georgia College of Ag…
2014-2015 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-7) Results of the 2014-2015 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage are printed in this research report. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, includi…
2015 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-7) In this research report, the results of the 2015 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at…
2015 Georgia Cotton Research and Extension Report (AP 108-4) This publication contains a report of cotton research trials and Extension activity in Georgia for 2014-2015.
2015 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-8) This publication includes a summary of the impact of plant disease on the major crops produced in Georgia. It's published annually by the Department of Plant Pathology and is compiled based on input f…
2015 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-1) This publication provides Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues most commonly …
2015 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-9) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2015.
2015-2016 Georgia Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-8) This research report includes the results of the 2015-2016 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including…
2016 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-8) In this research report, the results of the 2016 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at…
2016 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-9) In 2016, Georgia’s plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $821 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,596 million, resulting in a 1…
2016 Tobacco Research Report (SB 63-10) This report contains the most recent results of tobacco research programs at the University of Georgia in 2016.
2017 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-10) 2017 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $936 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,634 million, resulting in a 14.1% relative …
2018 Georgia Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-10) This research report presents the results of the 2018 corn performance trials. Corn performance trials were conducted at six locations throughout Georgia (see map inside back cover) in 2018. Short-sea…
2018 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-11) 2018 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $844 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6,268 million, resulting in a 13.5% relative …
2019 Corn, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 101-11) This research report presents the results of the 2019 corn, sorghum and summer annual forage performance trials. Trials were conducted at seven locations throughout Georgia, depending on the crop. The…
2019 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-12) 2019 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $832 million. The value of the cropsused in this estimate was approximately $6.64 billion, resulting in a 13.3% relative di…
2019 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-1) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2019. Contributing authors include county and regional fac…
2019 Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114-1) This annual publication includes a report of 2018-19 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. The report co…
2020 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-13) 2020 plant disease losses in Georgia, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $806 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $6.712 billion, resulting in a 12.0…
2020 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide for Plasticulture Production (AP 119-1) This regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and pe…
2020 UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program (AP 110-5) Variety selection is one of the biggest decisions and investments cotton growers make each year. In 2010, the UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists implemented the UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Pro…
2020 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-2) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2020. Contributing authors include county and regional fac…
2020 Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114-2) This annual publication includes a report of 2019-20 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. The report co…
2021 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-1) The 2021 cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the southeastern United States. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed management, in…
2021 Georgia Plant Disease Loss Estimates (AP 102-14) 2021 plant disease losses, including control costs, amounted to an estimated $889 million. The value of the crops used in this estimate was approximately $7690 million, resulting in a 11.6% relative d…
2021 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-1) Integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s label and performance data from research and Ex…
2021 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-1) The 2021 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide covers topics such as pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicid…
2021 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-2) This publication provides Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues most commonly …
2021 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide for Plasticulture Production (AP 119-2) The 2021 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufac…
2021 UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program (AP 110-6) Variety selection is one of the biggest decisions and investments cotton growers make each year. In 2010, the UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists implemented the UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Pro…
2021 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-3) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2021. Contributing authors include county and regional fac…
2022 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-2) The cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the southeastern United States. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed management, insect …
2022 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-2) The 2022 edition of this publication covers integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s lab…
2022 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-2) The 2022 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide covers topics such as pesticide stewardship and safety, insect and disease control, pre-transplant and transplant operations, fungicid…
2022 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-1) This new regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s lab…
2022 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide For Plasticulture Production (AP 119-3) The 2022 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufac…
2022 UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Program (AP 110-7) Variety selection is one of the biggest decisions and investments cotton growers make each year. In 2010, the UGA Extension Cotton Agronomists implemented the UGA On-Farm Cotton Variety Evaluation Pro…
2022 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-4) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2022. Contributing authors include county and regional fac…
2022 Vidalia Onion Extension and Research Report (AP 114-3) This is an annual report highlighting research conducted during 2021 and 2022 for Vidalia onions. Research topics include: variety trials, irrigation and fertilizer strategies, sulfur content in soils…
2023 Ag Snapshots (AP 129-1) Ag Snapshots is a brief focus on Georgia's agricultural industry and are based on the Georgia Farm Gate Value Report from the previous year with helpful infographics and maps. Years prior to 2023 can …
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast (AP 130-1) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the Universit…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2022–2023 Commercial Poultry Outlook (AP 130-1-09) 1. The domestic chicken market is strong with a good supply in the short- to midterm, though highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) continues to loom large in the United States and could be a maj…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Beef Cattle Outlook (AP 130-1-07) 1. Severe drought elevated cow slaughter in 2022. With fewer cows to slaughter in 2023, cattle prices are expected to increase. 2. China could become the largest export destination for U.S. beef in 20…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Outlook (AP 130-1-06) 1. The Russia-Ukraine war and Mexico’s plan to ban genetically modified corn from the United States will increase uncertainty regarding corn prices. 2. The United States and the world will continue to…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Cotton Outlook (AP 130-1-03) 1. Reduction in consumer demand for cotton related products will suppress cotton prices in 2023. 2. U.S. cotton acreage and production likely will decline in 2023 because of lower relative-price expe…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Fruits and Tree Nuts Outlook (AP 130-1-04) 1. The three major U.S. peach-producing states experienced a significant fall in production which cumulatively reduced our 2022 production by 15%. Since it is difficult to predict whether the weath…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Pork Outlook (AP 130-1-08) 1. 2022 U.S. pork prices continue to increase because of the limited number of slaughter-ready pigs. 2. Good outlook for 2023 as feed prices likely decrease and export demand increases.
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2023 Vegetables and Pulses Outlook (AP 130-1-05) 1. Although the total U.S. fresh vegetable and harvested area decreased by 7% in 2021 compared to 2020, the harvested area is expected to improve in 2023—but not enough to offset 2021. 2.…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Georgia Agritourism, Tourism and Travel 2023 (AP 130-1-13) 1. Visitor spending continues to increase in Georgia’s rural communities. 2. Total economic output for accommodations and food services in Georgia’s rural counties increased 26.7% in 2021 compared to …
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Green Industry 2023 (AP 130-1-12) 1. 2022 was a good year for many green industry firms, with many firms seeing increased profits. 2. There are many unknowns going into 2023 that will impact green industry sales, including higher infl…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Honey Bees 2023 (AP 130-1-10) 1. Honey production overall for 2022 was below average for the state. However, in some regions yields of two types of honey, northern wildflower and sourwood, were above average. 2. Colony losses for …
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Overall Georgia and U.S. Economic Outlook (AP 130-1-01) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the Universit…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Peanut Situation and 2023 Outlook (AP 130-1-02) 1. Planted acres are expected to increase in 2023 in the United States and Georgia, a reversal of the 2-year decline in planted acres. 2. Georgia forward contract prices are expected to be down with a…
2023 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Timber Situation and 2023 Outlook (AP 130-1-11) 1. Inflation remains a persistent challenge. 2. Housing activity is beginning to moderate. 3. U.S. South softwood lumber market share is increasing along with production capacity. Plentiful timber sup…
2023 Georgia Cotton Production Guide (AP 124-3) The 2023 edition of the cotton production guide provides an in-depth look at cotton production in Georgia and the Southeastern U.S. Issues discussed include economic outlook, fertility, weed managemen…
2023 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-3) The 2023 edition of this publication covers integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s lab…
2023 Southeast Regional Bunch Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 131-1) This is a new annual guide for managing diseases, insects, weeds, and wildlife in bunch grapes in the Southeast. This regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations based on inform…
2023 Southeast Regional Caneberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 121-3) This integrated pest management (IPM) guide for blackberry and raspberry production includes management of diseases, insects, and weeds through IPM principles. The 2023 Southeast Regional Caneberry In…
2023 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-2) This 2023 update to the regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the man…
2023 Southeast Regional Organic Blueberry Pest Management Guide (AP 125-3) This publication provides updated (2023) Southeast-specific information on approved National Organic Program (NOP) disease and pest management options for blueberry production and addresses the issues…
2023 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide Focused on Plasticulture Production (AP 119-4) The 2023 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry plasticulture production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information fr…
2023 Vegetable Extension and Research Report (AP 113-5) This report provides research and extension results for trials conducted by the University of Georgia Vegetable Team and its collaborators in 2023. Contributing authors include county and regional fac…
2024 Ag Snapshots (AP 129-2) Ag Snapshots is a brief focus on Georgia's agricultural industry and are based on the Georgia Farm Gate Value Report from the previous year with helpful infographics and maps. Years prior to 2023 can …
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Beef Cattle Outlook (AP 130-2-08) 1. The beef cattle outlook is positive in 2024. Tight supplies and stable consumer demand are expected to push cattle prices higher in the year ahead. 2. Risks come from the demand side if U.S. consum…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Outlook (AP 130-2-06) 1. Tighter margins are expected in 2024 for corn, soybeans, and wheat as commodity prices are forecast to be lower and input prices are expected to be flat. 2. Growing demand for sustainable biodiesel…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Cotton Outlook (AP 130-2-04) 1. U.S. cotton acreage and production are likely to decline in 2024 because of lower relative price expectations with competing crops. 2. The cotton production profit margin is likely to be lower in …
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Dairy Outlook (AP 130-2-09) 1. The outlook for 2024 is an improvement over 2023 as feed costs should decline and milk prices remain at similar levels in 2024. 2. Risks remain as improved margins may spur a strong production resp…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Fruits and Tree Nuts Outlook (AP 130-2-10) 1. High prices for peach producers helped a strong producer price index in the 2022–2023 crop season. The PPI is expected to stay strong in 2024. 2. Favorable prices came from production shortages, ca…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Georgia Ag Forecast (AP 130-2) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the Universit…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Georgia Agriculture Outlook (AP 130-2-02) 1. Food and commodity prices are expected to return to prepandemic levels. 2. Coupled with increasing costs, the nation’s farm income is expected to decline by 17% between 2022 and 2023. 3. Georgia’s…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Inputs and Production Expenditures Forecast (AP 130-2-03) 1. Farm input expenses continued to increase in 2023; when adjusted for inflation, they remained below 2014’s record highs. 2. Notable changes in 2023 included reductions in farm interest and fertiliz…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Overall U.S. and Georgia Economic Outlook (AP 130-2-01) Each year, UGA's agricultural economists develop a comprehensive overview to help various sectors of the agriculture industry navigate the year ahead. As Georgia's land-grant university, the Universit…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Poultry Outlook (AP 130-2-07) 1. The broiler chicken outlook in 2024 is neutral to positive; consumer demand should remain steady and feed costs should decrease. 2. Risks to the chicken outlook include significant HPAI outbreaks a…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: 2024 Vegetables and Pulses Outlook (AP 130-2-11) 1. Total harvested area of vegetables and pulses decreased by 3.2% from 2021 to 2022, and fresh and processed vegetable area harvested decreased by 5.1%; the situation is expected to deteriorate in 20…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Agritourism, Hospitality, and Travel 2024 (AP 130-2-14) 1. Total number of trips among U.S. travel will grow 4.3% in 2024. 2. In 2023, pick-your-own farms and wineries/distilleries/breweries comprised almost 20% of the state’s agritourism attractions. 3. 2…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Georgia’s Alcoholic Beverage Industry 2024 Outlook (AP 130-2-15) 1. All three alcoholic beverage sectors in Georgia experienced significant growth over the last 20 years and are poised to keep growing. 2. Breweries had the highest total demand in 2022 ($1.1 billion…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Green Industry 2024 (AP 130-2-12) 1. 2023 was a good year for many green industry firms, but not as good as 2020–2022. 2. The unknowns going into 2024 include higher inflation and interest rates, mixed signals within the economy, inc…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Peanut 2024 Outlook (AP 130-2-05) 1. Peanut yields were down in 2023, but demand continues to remain strong and stocks remain steady. Prices are expected to hold strong. 2. The increased cost of production in recent years has remained…
2024 Georgia Ag Forecast Series: Timber Situation and 2024 Outlook (AP 130-2-13) 1. Demand for softwood lumber and structural panels is expected to improve as interest rates drop and single-family housing starts resume their long-term trajectory. 2. Increased softwood lumber mill…
2024 Southeast Regional Blueberry Integrated Management Guide (AP 123-4) The 2024 edition of this publication covers integrated pest management information for blueberry producers in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the manufacturer’s lab…
2024 Southeast Regional Muscadine Grape Integrated Management Guide (AP 126-3) This 2024 update to the regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for muscadine grape production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information from the man…
2024 Southeast Regional Strawberry Integrated Pest Management Guide Focused on Plasticulture Production (AP 119-5) The 2024 edition of this regional integrated pest management guide provides recommendations for strawberry plasticulture production in the Southeastern U.S. Recommendations are based on information fr…
A Beginner's Guide to Septic Systems (B 1421) Many buildings and homes have on-site wastewater management systems, commonly called septic systems. Because septic systems are buried, it is easy to forget about them as they quietly, elegantly and e…
A Dozen Egg Abnormalities: How They Affect Egg Quality (C 1255) Egg production is the same for each hen whether a farm is producing on a small or large scale. There are a number of egg abnormalities that can occur, and some of these can impact egg quality and redu…
A Guide for Commercial Production of Vinca (B 1219) Vinca is a specialty ornamental crop with very distinct requirements. This bulletin will address those requirements and cover a typical production schedule and crop budget.
A Parent's Guide to the "Nitty-Gritty" about Head Lice (C 851) This guide for parents explains what to do -- and what not to do -- when a child gets head lice.
A preliminary comparison between manual and mechanical pruning the muscadine juice cultivar 'Carlos' (B 1536) Results from this study are preliminary, as only 2 years of data have been collected. Research over longer periods of time will be more revealing about how mechanical pruning will impact the perennial…
A School's Guide to the 'Nitty-Gritty' about Head Lice (C 850) This guide discusses how to prevent and treat head lice outbreaks in schools.
A Simplified Guide to Creating Nutrition Facts Labels (B 1459) Companies and individuals who process and sell food must provide a Nutrition Facts label (NFL) on their food products. However, the technical aspects of creating an NFL and meeting federal and state r…
Abiotic Injuries and Disorders of Turfgrasses in Georgia (B 1258) Turfgrass stands can be injured and damaged by biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) agents. Most abiotic diseases cause generalized symptoms such as wilting, yellowing, thinning and the developmen…
Accident Extrication Procedures for Farm Families and Employees (C 860) This publication is designed to help people with average first-aid knowledge improve their ability to make decisions when they are the first person at the scene of a farm accident.
Acorn Toxicosis in Beef Cattle (C 1074) Autumn and winter are busy seasons for beef cattle producers, and many times grazing and cattle management are not as tightly regulated as in other times of the year. Many Southeastern cattle operatio…
Adoption of Mastitis Control Technologies in the Southeast to Reduce Mastitis and Improve Milk Quality (B 1433) Mastitis continues to be a major livestock disease afflicting the U.S. dairy industry. As the industry strives to improve milk quality to meet consumer as well as exportation demands, the legal limit …
Aerating Grain in Storage (B 712) Aeration conditions grain and seed by lowering the temperature of the material and equalizing the temperature within the storage structure. This prevents moisture migration and condensation and can re…
Africanized Honey Bees (B 1290) Honey bees are among the most well-known and economically important insects. They produce honey and beeswax, and pollinate many crops. In spite of the alarm surrounding Africanization, these bees have…
Agricultural Safety: Preventing Injuries (B 1255) Most farm injuries and fatalities are preventable when you adhere to safe operating practices. The following are general guidelines for improved safety on the farm.
Alfalfa Management in Georgia (B 1350) Alfalfa is a high-yielding, perennial legume that is well-suited to hay, silage, or pasture production. Alfalfa is known as the “Queen of Forages” because it produces an excellent quality, high-protei…
Alternatives to Petroleum-Based Containers for the Nursery Industry (B 1407) Beginning in the 1970s, container nursery production acreage rapidly increased such that container nursery production is now the dominant method of nursery production. As a standard in the industry, p…
Alternatives to Synthetic Herbicides for Weed Management in Container Nurseries (B 1410) Weed management is one of the most critical and costly aspects for container nursery production. High irrigation and fertilization rates create a favorable environment for weed growth in addition to c…
Amino Acid Content in Organic Soybean Meal for the Formulation of Organic Poultry Feed (C 1140) Amino acids are essential building blocks of proteins and are obtained from plant and animal products. Some amino acids can be synthesized by the chicken, while others (essential amino acids) must be …
An Analysis of Peanut Price Support Issues - 1996 (RB 425) In this report, analysis of data and results from previous studies are used to provide information concerning the peanut price support issue. This publication is provided for information purposes so t…
An Introduction to Conservation Tillage for Vegetable Production (B 1539) Conservation tillage with agronomic crops (i.e., cotton, corn, soybeans, etc.) has been successful in Georgia production. Such production practices have several benefits, the most notable being the el…
An Introduction to Fiber Hemp Production in Georgia (C 1236) This publication is an introduction to growing industrial hemp for fiber production in Georgia. While not exhaustive, it outlines some of the major production challenges in growing this crop in the So…
An Introduction to Hemp Chemistry and Lab Results (C 1209) With the passage of the 2018 U.S. Farm Bill, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) was declassified as a Schedule I drug and is now legal (with restrictions) for production in the United States. Hemp a…
An Introduction to Organic High Tunnel Tomato Production in Georgia and Florida: Horticultural Tactics (B 1552) This publication is an introduction to high tunnel production that focuses on horticulture aspects of organic tomato production. Diseases and insect pests are not covered, but high tunnel construction…
Annual Bluegrass Control in Residential Turfgrass (B 1394) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a problematic winter annual weed in residential turf. Compared to most turfgrasses, annual bluegrass has a lighter green color, coarser leaf texture and produces uns…
Annual Bluegrass Control Programs for Georgia Lawns (B 1463) Annual bluegrass (Poa annua) is the most problematic winter weed of lawns in Georgia. Plants have a light green color, coarse leaf texture, and produce unsightly seedheads. Annual bluegrass germinates…
Annual Plant Diseases Clinic Summary - 2007 (SB 61) This report includes both physical samples submitted to the Plant Disease Clinics and results from analyses of digital samples submitted through the DDDI system in 2007.
Annual Ryegrass Control in Georgia Hayfields (C 1078) Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), also referred to as Italian ryegrass, is the most problematic winter annual weed in Georgia hayfields. Seed germinates from September to November when soil temper…
Antibiotic Therapy in Mastitis Control for Lactating and Dry Cows (B 1516) Antibiotic therapy continues to play an important role in the control of mastitis in dairy cows. Lactational therapy is effective against Streptococcus agalactiae but less successful against infection…
Anticipating Drought on Rainfed Farms in the Southeast (B 1403) Nobody wants drought, but it's been happening a lot in recent years in the Southeastern U.S. For farmers without irrigation, it may seem that little can be done besides accept what rain comes. However…
Aphids on Flowering Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (C 1246) An introduction to and information on the biology, damage, and management of aphids in the ornamental landscape.
Application of Imaging Systems for Monitoring Poultry Well-being (C 1256) In commercial poultry houses, bird density and distribution in drinking, feeding, and resting zones are critical factors for evaluating flock productivity, bird health, and well-being. Proper distribu…
Armyworms in Sod (C 1130) There is considerable confusion regarding the life cycle and timing of fall armyworm infestation in turfgrass. It is not unusual for fall armyworms to infest newly planted sod in a home landscape, esp…
Athena: A New Training System for Bunch Wine Grapes (B 1527) The Athena bunch wine grape training system was developed by the University of Georgia to increase crop yield in modest-yielding cultivars. The Athena is a divided-canopy system retrofit to the indust…
Attracting Birds to Your Backyard (C 976) To attract and maintain a bird population, a habitat should provide (1) food, (2) shelter/nesting areas and (3) water. This publication describes several ways to attract birds to your backyard.
Avian Academy Module: Poultry Nutrition (B 1471) This module describes the role of energy in the body, how much energy is contained in our foods, and how to correctly identify the key nutrient classes that our bodies require from the foods we eat. A…
Azalea Bark Scale (C 1260) Azalea bark scale (ABS) poses a serious threat to azaleas, rhododendron, and Pieris (Andromedas) in Georgia. ABS is a soft scale insect; the nymph and female soft scales secrete a protective coating o…
Bacterial Diseases of Onions in Georgia (B 1534) Bacterial diseases are among the major production and economic challenges that onion growers face in Georgia. There are six bacterial diseases that commonly affect onion foliage and bulbs in the state…
Bacterial Leaf Scorch of Blueberry (C 922) A new disease has been identified in the Georgia blueberry production region. This disease has been named “bacterial leaf scorch." This publication includes identification and control methods.
Bagworms in Urban Landscapes (C 1237) An introduction to bagworms, along with their biology, how they damage landscapes, and management options.
Baleage Production and Use (B 1532) Implementing a baleage system takes consideration and planning. Producers need to weigh the benefits, challenges, and costs to optimize their forage production and livestock feeding operations. Baleag…
Baleage: Frequently Asked Questions (B 1508) Baled silage, or “baleage,” is an excellent method for forage harvest, storage, and feed efficiency. Conserving forage as baleage enables harvests to be performed on a timely basis, allowing harvests …
Basic Introduction to Broiler Housing Environmental Control (B 1264) Research on improving broiler housing is ongoing. Energy costs are becoming more significant to the grower's bottom line and housing construction, equipment and operation will be paramount in helping …
Basic Nutritional Guidelines for Equine Management (B 1356) Providing proper and adequate nutrition is a challenge all horse owners must face. Understanding your horse’s nutritional needs is important, not only to optimize performance, but also to ensure your …
Basic Principles of Pruning Woody Plants (B 949) Pruning is one of the most important cultural practices for maintaining woody plants, including ornamental trees and shrubs, fruits and nuts. Proper pruning requires a basic understanding of how plant…
Basics of Sausage Making: Formulation, Processing and Safety (B 1437) This bulletin is written to provide some of the basic information required to make various types of sausage. It is for those who enjoy good homemade sausage and who wish to obtain the greatest satisfa…
Be Aware of Your Indoor Air (C 2579) Did you know the air inside buildings is nearly always more polluted than outside air? Learn the types of indoor air pollution and what you can do. This publication was originally published by the L…
Beef Cattle Showmanship: Tips for Showring Success (B 1554) The way exhibitors present cattle has changed tremendously in a century. Youth beef shows often have showmanship divisions that are very competitive. Being a showmanship division winner is a great ach…
Beef Management Calendar (B 1161) This calendar contains a monthly listing of the common management practices needed for commercial beef herd production in Georgia. Some are recommended at a certain time of the year and others are rec…
Before You Invest (C 1110) Saving and investing are critical steps to achieving your financial goals. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they are quite different. Understanding the differences between saving a…
Beneficial Insects of Pecan Trees (C 1229) Accurately distinguishing insect pests from beneficial arthropods is a critical component in the implementation of an effective and sustainable pest management program. This circular provides a succin…
Beneficial Insects, Spiders, and Mites in the Southeast (C 1055) The purpose of this guide is to help users identify insects, spiders and mites that are beneficial to the garden. Such beneficials help manage pests that can damage plants. Tips to conserve and protec…
Beneficial Reuse of Municipal Biosolids in Agriculture (SB 27) Farmers have known for centuries that animal manures spread on pastures and cropland can improve soil fertility. In the 1920s, farmers began to use sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants as…
Bermudagrass Control in Southern Lawns (B 1393) Although improved common (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and hybrid bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy) have desirable qualities as turfgrasses for heat, drought and wear to…
Bermudagrass in Georgia (B 911) Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) is an important warm-season, perennial, sod-forming forage grass in Georgia and throughout the Southeast. Bermudagrass is productive from spring until fall and is well-suit…
Best Management Practices for Storing and Applying Poultry Litter (B 1230) The nutrients and organic materials found in poultry litter/manure are extremely beneficial by-products, as evidenced by the fact that years of application have transformed north Georgia from a severe…
Best Management Practices for Wood Ash as Agricultural Soil Amendment (B 1142) Ash has been considered a waste product instead of a resource, because few industries have taken advantage of its beneficial properties. Several alternative uses for wood ash have been developed. Land…
Best Management Practices in the Landscape (C 873) Research has shown that if you properly select, install and maintain ornamental plant, you greatly increase their survival and performance in the landscape. Following BMPs (Best Management Practices) …
Best Practices ATP and Protein Swabbing in Produce Packinghouses (C 1196) Many third-party audits, buyers, and standard operating procedures for produce packinghouses or other food facilities require regular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or protein swabs to verify the effect…
Best Practices for Growing, Harvesting, and Handling Produce in the Field and the Packinghouse (B 1515) Under the Food Safety Modernization Act's Produce Safety Rule, produce operations are mandated to provide training to their workers on the safe handling of produce in fields and in packing operations.…
Best Practices of Integrated Mosquito Management (C 1154) This circular provides a basic summary of the best management practices of integrated mosquito management. These practices begin with education and communication and progress through surveillance, sou…
Best Practices: Animal Intrusion in Specialty Crops (C 1170) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXo-eSyP-8E
Best Practices: Postharvest Water Sample Collection (C 1192) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLt0IKlQH1o
Best Practices: Preharvest Water Sample Collection (C 1191) https://youtu.be/F-csM0EbFPM
Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: An Introduction to Biochar as a Container Substrate Component (C 1292-01) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Biochar has been proposed to be beneficial to the environment and plants. H…
Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: Biochar Properties and Making the Right Biochar Mix (C 1292-04) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Container substrates must fulfill several functions for plant growth: create…
Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: Effects on Plant Disease (C 1292-03) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. How does biochar play a role in a plant-disease system? Briefly, before the …
Biochar Basics Series: Biochar Basics: Effects on Plant Growth (C 1292-02) Additional author: Mengmeng Gu, Professor, Colorado State University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture. Is Biochar Good or Bad for Plant Growth? Mixing biochar into soilless substr…
Bioenergy in the Southeast: Current and Past Policies Driving Markets (C 1131) Helene Cser Extension Associate North Carolina State University Leslie Boby Extension Associate Southern Regional Extension Forestry Research and development on alternative sources of energy has been…
Biology and Management of Carpenter Ants (B 1225) Carpenter ants are so-called because of their habit of chewing wood to create nest sites. They do not eat wood, like termites, but they excavate it with their strong, saw-like jaws to create random ga…
Biology and Management of Scale Insects in Ornamentals (C 1186) Scale insects are common pests of landscape trees and shrubs that are often overlooked when scouting. Scales can be responsible for chlorosis, branch die-back, and ultimately, plant death. Scales are …
Biology and Management of Stubby-Root Nematodes on Onion (C 1211) Stubby-root nematodes, Paratrichodorus minor, are considered an important pest of onions in Georgia. Low to high population densities of this nematode were observed in multiple fields in the Vidalia a…
Biology and Management of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug in Ornamental Landscapes (C 1248) The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is a landscape and agricultural pest in the United States. It was introduced from Asia in the mid-1990s, and quickly spread to the entire Unit…
Biology and Management of Thrips Affecting the Production Nursery and Landscape (C 1158) Thrips are tiny, cigar-shaped insects belonging to the order Thysanoptera, whose name refers to the fringed wings of insects in this order. About 5000 species of thrips are known, and many cause damag…
Biology of Subterranean Termites in the Eastern United States (B 1209) Subterranean termites are social insects that live in societies whose members are mostly mature individuals. Their colonies, which can contain thousands to millions of termites, are formidable, even t…
Biomapping: An Effective Tool for Pathogen Control During Poultry Processing (C 1200) U.S. poultry processors must meet regulatory requirements for Salmonella and Camplylobacter prevalence in all of the poultry products that they produce. Monitoring the efficacy of antimicrobial interv…
Biosecurity Basics for Poultry Growers (B 1306) Biosecurity refers to procedures used to prevent the introduction and spread of disease-causing organisms in poultry flocks. Because of the concentration in size and location of poultry flocks in curr…
Biosecurity for On-Farm Pathogen Control in Poultry (C 1195) Human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are two of the most commonly reported gastrointestinal infections worldwide and poultry meat has been identified as the main source of infection. Controlling…
Bits 101 (B 1379) Bit selection is a critical area of consideration for riders of all disciplines and levels. For many horse enthusiasts, lack of knowledge about bit types and functions, as well as common misconception…
Blackberry Harvesting and Postharvest Handling (C 1282) This circular covers basic postharvest harvesting, handling and cold storage principles for fresh-market blackberries to ensure the highest possible shelf-life and quality while minimizing postharvest…
Blanc du Bois (C 1274) ‘Blanc du Bois’ has made a significant contribution to wine production in southeastern regions where Pierce’s disease is prevalent. Though possessing resistance or tolerance to Pierce’s disease, Phyll…
Blister Beetles in Georgia Alfalfa Hay (C 917) Blister beetles sometimes infest forage crops such as alfalfa, where they may become incorporated in hay. This publication discusses biology, cause of illness and management of blister beetles.
Blossom-End Rot and Calcium Nutrition of Pepper and Tomato (C 938) The purpose of this publication is to introduce the problem of blossom-end rot and provide a guide to effectively diagnose and treat this problem.
Blueberry Harvesting and Postharvest Handling (C 1269) This circular covers basic postharvest harvesting, handling and cold storage principles for fresh-market blueberries to ensure the highest possible shelf-life and quality while minimizing postharvest …
Blueberry Irrigation Water Quality (C 1105) This circular is a review of water quality standards, calculations, and recommendations for water that will be used for irrigation of blueberries.
Blueberry Pre-Establishment (C 1267) This publication covers the considerations producers need to have in mind when choosing a site to plant blueberry. It describes the soil characteristics that are needed to grow and produce blueberry, …
Blueberry Production (C 1278) This publication covers a brief history of the development of blueberries, plus general production requirements such as varieties, chill hours, soil considerations, etc. The southern highbush blueberr…
Body Condition Scoring Beef Cows (B 1308) Body condition scoring (BCS) is an easy and economical way to evaluate the body fat percentage of a cow. Cows can then be sorted and fed according to nutritional needs. Body condition scoring can be a…
Breathe Easy: Understanding and Controlling Asthma (C 1270) Asthma is a lung disease that affects millions of adults and children, and can be triggered by numerous indoor pollutants such as mold, cockroaches, dust mites, pet dander, and secondhand smoke. There…
Budding and Grafting of Pecan (B 1376) Individuals who propagate trees have their own personal preferences with regard to propagation methods. As with many practices related to pecan production, timing is important for successful propagati…
Building Baby's Brain Series: Buffering the Brain From Toxic Stress (C 1053-12) Children who live in unpredictable worlds, who do not have the opportunity to form a secure attachment with a caregiver, or who live in an unsafe physical environment live in a constant state of heigh…
Building Baby's Brain Series: Creating Consistency to Aid Brain Development in Babies (C 1053-11) The developing brain thrives on repetition. When a baby experiences the same things over and over, the pathways of connections in her brain become stronger and more complex. One of the best ways to pr…
Building Baby's Brain Series: Is Breast Milk Best? (C 1053-07) Deciding how to feed your baby is one of the most important decisions expectant parents make during pregnancy. The first year of your baby's life is a time of rapid growth. By making sure your baby ge…
Building Baby's Brain Series: Learning Language (C 1053-05) If you're like most adults, learning a new language can be challenging. But the average baby learns a new language relatively easily. Babies learn language by hearing other people speak around them an…
Building Baby's Brain Series: Nurturing Positive Relationships (C 1053-09) Over the first months of life, babies build relationships with the adults who care for them. These early attachment relationships matter. Babies who form warm, loving relationships feel secure explori…
Building Baby's Brain Series: Prime Times for Learning (C 1053-02) Research in brain development shows there are certain windows of opportunity, known as sensitive periods, when certain parts of the brain develop most quickly. These windows are prime times for learni…
Building Baby's Brain Series: The Basics of Your Baby's Brain Development (C 1053-01) From the moment a baby is born, every experience taken in by the five senses helps strengthen the connections that guide development. No two brains are alike! Each child's brain creates individual pat…
Building Baby's Brain Series: The Importance of Play in Baby's Brain Development (C 1053-10) Play is one of the most essential activities babies do. Through play, babies and young children have the opportunity to experience new things and practice existing skills, which strengthens networks o…
Building Baby's Brain Series: The Role of Music in Brain Development (C 1053-06) Children who grow up listening to music develop strong music-related connections in the brain. Some of these music pathways actually affect the way we think. Listening to classical music seems to impr…
Building Baby's Brain Series: What Child Care Can Do to Support Brain Development (C 1053-04) Child care providers play an important role in nurturing children's healthy brain development. When it comes to supporting healthy brain development, the type of child care is less important than the …
Building Baby's Brain Series: What Parents Can Do to Support Healthy Brain Development (C 1053-03) All parents want their children to be smart and successful. Researchers have found that a child's brain continues to develop long after birth. Parents can do many things to support their child's healt…
Building Baby's Brain Series: What to Eat When You're Expecting (C 1053-08) Your diet is important throughout your pregnancy. However, there are some special needs to consider during each trimester. You can help your baby get a healthy start in life by eating a variety of nut…
Building Radon Safe (C 1301) How Radon-Resistant New Construction can Make Homes Safer and Save Money. Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that forms when uranium breaks down in soil, rock, and water. This naturally oc…
Bull Buyer's Guide (C 553) Bull procurement decisions can greatly impact your future calf crops and herd genetics for many years. Selecting and buying a herd bull is the quickest way to make genetic improvement in your herd. Th…
Calculating the Fertilizer Value of Broiler Litter (C 933) This publication gives a procedure to calculate the value of broiler litter based on prevailing retail selling prices of commercial fertilizers containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Calf Health Basics (B 1500) Calf health is a key variable for calf growth and performance. Producers should not expect to know all calf health issues, causes, and the most successful treatments. Instead, a producer's main goal s…
Calibration Method for Sprayers and Other Liquid Applicators (C 683) This publication discusses the proper calibration methods sprayers and other liquid applicators.
Calibration of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems for Wastewater Applications (B 1458) This publication was developed to provide farmers applying animal wastewater with step-by-step instructions to calibrate their center pivot irrigation systems. Within each step, the publication provid…
Calibration of Dry Broadcast Fertilizer Applicators (C 798) Spinner-disc spreaders are commonly used for applying lime and fertilizer to agricultural fields. Uniform and accurate application of lime and fertilizer is essential. The performance failures of agri…
Calibration of Manure Spreaders (C 825) This publication primarily focuses on rear discharge, twin spinner spreaders common for poultry litter application in the southeast.
Cane Blight of Blackberry (C 894) Cane blight can be a major disease of blackberry in the Southeast, resulting in severe losses. The wet, humid conditions observed in Georgia and other southeastern states allow for significant losses …
Canola Production in Georgia (B 1331) Growing canola profitably takes planning and good management. All aspects of production from seed selection to harvest to marketing must be taken into account if the grower is to make a profit with th…
Cantaloupe and Specialty Melons (B 1179) This publication was compiled to meet the needs of the growing cantaloupe industry in Georgia. Its 10 chapters represent the latest information available on successful cantaloupe and specialty melon p…
Care of Holiday and Gift Plants (C 951) Flowering and foliage plants can make welcome gifts. How long they remain attractive may be directly related to the care and handling they are given. This publication describes ways to properly care f…
Care of Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (B 1065) Most established ornamental plants in the landscape require care to stay healthy and attractive. Regular fertilization, pruning, watering, mulching and pest control are all part of a good landscape ma…
Caring for the Older Horse: Common Problems and Solutions (B 1368) Horses have relatively long life spans compared to other livestock and companion animals, often living into their late 20s and early 30s. Many horses have productive careers into their 20s. In fact, i…
Cation Exchange Capacity and Base Saturation (C 1040) Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the total negative charges within the soil that adsorb plant nutrient cations such as calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+). As such, the C…
Center Pivot Calibration for Wastewater: A Field Reference Guide (C 1084) This publication is intended to be used by those familiar with calibrating a center pivot system. The circular lists the steps, calculations, and charts needed to calibrate a center pivot irrigation s…
Centipedegrass Decline (C 1003) Centipedegrass is ideal for the homeowner who wants a lawn that needs little care. It can be established by either seed or vegetative parts and does not require much fertilizer. Compared to other lawn…
Chainsaw Chains and Bars (C 1208) The action end of a chainsaw, or the part that cuts, is made of the bar and the chain. Chainsaw chains come in many sizes and configurations and not all saws can handle all bars. To make the right cho…
Chainsaw Safety and Tree Cleanup (C 1198) Many people help with tree cleanup after storms pass through. Some are citizen volunteers, and others are private and public sector workers who may or may not have experience with chainsaws. This pres…
Chainsaw Safety Tips (B 1364) This publication discusses tips for purchasing the correct chainsaw for your needs and how to use it safely.
Chainsaw Safety: Always Use Your Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (C 1148) Operating a chainsaw is inherently dangerous. Chainsaw cuts are always serious, but this is not the only hazard a saw operator faces. Saw operators are often struck by falling limbs and trunks as the …
Chainsaw Safety: Preventing Common Tree Felling Accidents (C 1243) Accidents are common when felling a tree with a chainsaw. Fortunately, most of them can be prevented. Tips for preventing kickback, barber chair, entanglement, setback, and stump jump are presented in…
Chainsaw Safety: The Five Step Tree Felling Plan (C 1220) Felling trees is dangerous. Accidents abound when chainsaws and falling timber combine. The five step tree felling plan is a safe and effective way to take down a tree with a chainsaw. Rigorous applic…
Chemical Nematicides for Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Georgia Vegetable Crops (B 1502) Soil fumigants alone or in combination with nonfumigant nematicides can provide vegetable growers effective and reliable control of plant-parasitic nematodes, profitable yield and product quality, and…
Chemigation in Georgia (B 1298) Chemigation is an inclusive term referring to the application of a chemical into or through an irrigation system. It includes the application of fertilizers, acids, chlorine and pesticides. Chemigatio…
Childproofing Your Home: A Room-by-Room Safety Checklist (C 1049) Nearly 2.3 million children are accidentally injured every year and more than 2,500 are killed, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Since one of the biggest threats to ch…
Chilli Thrips: Biology and Management in the Nursery (C 1210) Chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis, is an invasive thrips species in the U.S. Currently, chilli thrips infest more than 150 crops worldwide, including strawberries, cotton, tea, citrus, and peppers,…
Chipmunk Control (C 910) This publication discusses several methods for controlling chipmunks, including exclusion, trapping, poison, repellents, and shooting.
Choosing a Landscape Irrigation Contractor (C 1056) Selecting a qualified irrigation contractor is very important. There are many irrigation products available and the installation process requires skill, knowledge and equipment. This publication outli…
Citrus Fruit for Southern and Coastal Georgia (B 804) Citrus plants are very versatile around the home and may be used as individual specimens, hedges or container plants. Their natural beauty and ripe fruits make them attractive additions to the South G…
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2013's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-1) This publication showcases the plants that were awarded the “Classic City Award” in 2013.
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2014's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-2) This publication showcases the plants that were awarded the “Classic City Award” in 2014.
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2015's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-3) This publication showcases the plants that were awarded the “Classic City Award” in 2015.
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2016's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-4) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Garden…
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2017's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-5) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Garden…
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2018's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-6) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Garden…
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2019's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-7) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Garden…
Classic City Garden Awards Series: 2020's Best New Plants from the Trial Gardens at the University of Georgia (AP 116-8) New ornamentals have long been considered the lifeblood of the green industry. This publication contains recommendations for best-performing new annuals based on research conducted at the Trial Garden…
Clean Labeling and the Real Food Movement (B 1476) "'Clean label' foods" generally refers to food products that are simple, natural, and minimally processed. Clean labeling is a food industry movement that caters to the consumer who wants food product…
Cleaning Healthy, Cleaning Green (C 1114) People spend an average of 90 percent of their time indoors. Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) show levels of several common organic pollutants to be two to five times hig…
Clover Management in Pecan Orchards (B 1360) An orchard floor provides a working surface for orchard operations and influences activities in the trees, which produce the crop. An efficient orchard floor cover does not compete heavily with trees …
CNMP Development Checklist for Dry Litter Poultry CAFOs (C 886) This publication outlines the information needed to develop a Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan (CNMP) for dry poultry litter operations.
Coexisting with Neighbors: A Poultry Farmer's Guide (B 1263) Conflict prevention measures can be both tangible and intangible in nature. Communication skills and disseminating information may be as important as minimizing odors or pests through improved managem…
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Cómo se siente estar lleno? (C 1037-12-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén llenos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Cuánta actividad física? (C 1037-22-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Cuánta Agua Debería Beber? (C 1037-02-SP) Beber agua y mantenerse hidratados es importante para mantener a su familia sana.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: ¿Qué Comer en el Desayuno? (C 1037-08-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a comenzar el día de manera sana.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Comer una Variedad de Alimentos es Sano (C 1037-04-SP) Para incentivar a su familia a mantenerse sana, coman una dieta variada.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Comer una Variedad de Alimentos Puede ser Divertido (C 1037-05-SP) Motive a su familia a mantenerse saludables comiendo una variedad de alimentos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Cómo Comer Sano Sin Gastar Mucho (C 1037-17-SP) Para incentivar a su familia a mantenerse sana, coman una dieta variada.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Consejos para Servir Porciones Más Pequeñas (C 1037-14-SP) Promueva hábitos alimenticios saludables motivando a su familia a dejar de comer cuando se sientan llenos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Desayune (C 1037-09-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a empezar el día de una manera saludable.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: El Agua Ayuda a los Niños a Tener Éxito (C 1037-03-SP) Beber agua y mantenerse hidratados es importante para mantener a su familia sana.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: El Desayuno es el Combustible para su Día (C 1037-06-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a comenzar el día de manera sana.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Es Importante Dejar de Comer Cuando Estamos Llenos (C 1037-11-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén lleno.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Hacer el Desayuno Puede ser Divertido (C 1037-10-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a empezar el día de una manera saludable.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: La Actividad Física Enseña Nuevas Habilidades (C 1037-20-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Los Beneficios de Mantenerse Físicamente Activo (C 1037-19-SP) Mantenga a su familia en forma motivándolos a estar físicamente activos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Motive a Su Hijo a Ser Activo (C 1037-23-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Por Qué es Importante Dejar de Comer Cuando Estamos Llenos (C 1037-15-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén lleno.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Sea un Modelo de Conductas Alimenticias Sanas (C 1037-18-SP) Para incentivar a su familia a mantenerse sana, coman una dieta variada.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Seguridad y Actividad Física (C 1037-21-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Tamaños Adecuados de las Porciones (C 1037-13-SP) Para promover hábitos sanos, anime a su familia a dejar de comer cuando ya estén llenos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Tendencias Actuales de Actividad Física (C 1037-24-SP) Para mantener a su familia en forma, anímelos a mantenerse físicamente activos.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Tomar Agua es Importante (C 1037-01-SP) Tomar agua y mantenerse hidratado es una parte importante para mantener a su familia saludable.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Un Desayuno Sano Alimenta el Cerebro (C 1037-07-SP) Desayunar ayuda a su familia a comenzar el día de manera sana.
Coma Saludable Mantengase Activo Series: Una Variedad de Alimentos para Niños Quisquillosos o Exigentes (C 1037-16-SP) Motive a su familia a mantenerse saludable comiendo una variedad de alimentos.
Commercial Blueberry Inventory and Prospectus, Georgia, 2002 (RR 693) Both rabbiteye and highbush blueberries are produced in Georgia. The plants can produce a commercially viable crop for years. The long-term nature of the investment in the blueberry orchard calls f…
Commercial Freeze Protection for Fruits and Vegetables (B 1479) Freeze protection efforts should be based on the type of freeze, temperature, and wind speed that is impacting your crop. To apply frost protection, consider your crop value, the freeze protection cap…
Commercial Okra Production (C 627) Okra is grown in every county in Georgia. Okra can be a profitable crop when recommended production practices are followed.
Commercial Pecan Spray Guide (B 841) This publication provides guidance for insect, disease, and weed control in commercial pecan orchards for 2024.
Commercial Production and Management of Cabbage and Leafy Greens (B 1181) The 11 topics covered in this publication are all integral parts of a successful cabbage/leafy greens management program. Each topic focuses on a particular aspect of production and provides informati…
Commercial Production and Management of Carrots (B 1175) The 13 topics covered in this publication are all integral parts of a successful carrot management program. Each topic is designed to focus on a particular aspect of production and provide the latest …
Commercial Production and Management of Pumpkins and Gourds (B 1180) The seven topics covered in this publication are all integral parts of a successful pumpkin/gourd management program. Each topic is designed to focus on a particular aspect of production and provide t…
Commercial Production of Vegetable Transplants (B 1144) Producing greenhouse-grown containerized transplants is an increasingly popular way to establish vegetable crops. Compared to field-grown transplants, greenhouse transplants have several advantages. T…
Commercial Snap Bean Production in Georgia (B 1369) This is an in-depth publication covering Culture and Varieties, Soils and Fertility, Irrigation, Sprayers, Diseases, Insect Management, Weed Control, Food Safety and Sanitation, Harvest/Post-Harvest …
Commercial Southern Pea Production (C 485) This horticulture publication is about the commercial production of southern peas.
Commercial Squash Production (C 527) Squash (Cucurbita spp.) is a member of the cucurbit family, which consists of a number of warm-season vegetables. Another broad group of squash called winter squash. Each group is classified into seve…
Commercial Tomato Production Handbook (B 1312) This publication is a joint effort of the seven disciplines that comprise the Georgia Vegetable Team. It is comprised of 14 topics on tomato, including history of tomato production, cultural practices…
Commercial Watermelon Production (B 996) Watermelon is a warm-season crop related to cantaloupe, squash, cucumber and pumpkin. Watermelons can be grown on any well-drained soil throughout Georgia but are particularly well adapted to the Coas…
Commodity Options as Price Insurance for Cattlemen (B 1405) One of the greatest risks cattle producers face is price risk. Price changes can come in the form of declining cattle prices for sellers, increasing cattle prices for buyers or increasing feed prices …
Common Labels and Certifications Used to Market Sustainable Agriculture Products (C 1129) Label terms and certifications can be divided into those that are regulated and those that are unregulated. Regulated label terms and certifications are usually defined by the United States Department…
Common Landscape Diseases in Georgia (B 1238) This publication describes some of the most troublesome diseases of Georgia's landscape plants. The following material will help you identify these diseases and offers recommendations for treatment. K…
Common Terms Used in Animal Feeding and Nutrition (B 1367) The purpose of this publication is to serve as an educational reference and resource to those who are interested in animal feeding and nutrition. Our primary objective is to list the common terms used…
Common Tomato Diseases in Georgia (B 1285) This publication contains information about common tomato diseases in Georgia. It includes photographs and descriptions of diseases such as buckeye rot and fusarium wilt.
Community and School Gardens Series: Extending the Crop Season: Unheated Spaces (C 1027-14) This publication describes common myths about cold protection and provides options for protecting plants from the cold in community and school gardens, including cold frames, row covers and hoop house…
Community and School Gardens Series: Garden Fencing (C 1027-9) This publication describes options for fencing a community or school garden, including fence types and materials.
Community and School Gardens Series: Garden Sheds (C 1027-7) This publication provides information about storage sheds for community and school gardens, including local building codes, siting a shed, and alternatives to traditional sheds.
Community and School Gardens Series: Growing Fruits (C 1027-10) Community gardens designed to provide locally grown food for families can be used to grow fruits in addition to the more commonly grown vegetables. There are many common and lesser-known fruits that a…
Community and School Gardens Series: Irrigation (C 1027-12) This publication describes irrigation methods suitable for community or school gardens, including overhead sprinklers, hand watering and drip irrigation.
Community and School Gardens Series: Less Expensive Sources of Plant Material, Amendments and Tools (C 1027-6) This publication offers advice on finding less expensive sources of plant material, amendments and tools for community and school gardens.
Community and School Gardens Series: Planning an Edible Garden (C 1027-1) This publication describes three steps for planning a school garden: garden location, soil and terrain, and choosing crops.
Community and School Gardens Series: Raised Bed Materials (C 1027-5) This publication describes the advantages and disadvantages of various materials used for building raised beds, including types of wood, composite materials, recycled materials, and kits.
Community and School Gardens Series: Raised Beds vs. In-Ground Gardens (C 1027-3) This publication describes the advantages and disadvantages of raised bed and in-ground gardens and may be used as a guide when planning a community or school garden project.
Community and School Gardens Series: Raised Garden Bed Dimensions (C 1027-4) This publication helps determine the ideal dimensions of raised beds for community and school gardens by focusing on three things: materials, slope and accessibility.
Community and School Gardens Series: Siting a Garden (C 1027-2) This publication provides recommendations for properly siting a school or community garden, taking into account sunlight exposure, water availability, slope, garden access, tool storage, compost bins …
Community and School Gardens Series: Sources of Water for the Garden (C 1027-11) This publication discusses the advantages and disadvantages of various sources of water for a community or school garden, including municipal water, rivers or creeks, ponds, wells and rainwater.
Community and School Gardens Series: Stocking the Toolshed: Hand Tools (C 1027-8) This publication describes the types and quantities of hand tools that work best for community and school gardens, including shovels, rakes, trowels, hand pruners, gloves, children's tools, and carts …
Community and School Gardens Series: Weed Control (C 1027-13) This publication describes weed control methods that are appropriate for community and school gardens.
Compost Utilization for Erosion Control (B 1200) Composting is the controlled biological process of decomposition and recycling of organic material into a humus-rich soil amendment known as compost. Mixed organic materials such as manure, yard trimm…
Composting 101: How to Effectively Operate a Poultry Mortality Compost Bin (EB 103) Bin composting daily mortality can be a useful, cost-effective management tool when practiced correctly. However, it can be environmentally harmful if it is not managed and monitored properly. This pu…
Composting and Mulching (C 816) This publication explains how to build, maintain a compost pile as well as how to use compost and mulch in the yard and garden.
Composting Mass Poultry Mortalities (B 1282) Composting is a natural process where beneficial microorganisms decompose and transform organic materials into a useful and biologically stable end-product that is safe for the environment. This proce…
Composting: Recycling Landscape Trimmings (C 981) Citizens throughout Georgia are recycling newspaper, cans, glass and plastic in an effort to divert these materials from the waste stream. Another important part of waste reduction involves recycling …
Conservation and Best Management Practices in Georgia: Implementing, Funding and Assistance (B 1335) Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be described as management and/or structural practices that are designed to reduce pollutants and erosion while increasing the quality of all life. The BMP concept…
Conserving Water in the Vegetable Garden (C 964) All vegetables, especially tomatoes, like an even supply of water throughout the growing season, and will often develop problems if their water supply fluctuates. If watering restrictions or bans are …
Considerations for County Planners: Components of Zoning Ordinances Relative to Poultry (C 1071) Poultry farming is the number one agricultural enterprise in Georgia. It is important to protect this vital industry by developing prudently-devised and factually-based zoning ordinances. This publica…
Considerations for Subsurface Drip Irrigation Application in Humid and Subhumid Areas (C 903) Subsurface drip irrigation is the practice of installing drip irrigation below the ground surface. This publication is designed to provide a brief introduction to the site selection, design, installat…
Considerations for the Small Market Vegetable Producer (C 1090) Growing vegetables as either a part-time or full-time enterprise can be an enjoyable and rewarding experience. Not only can you produce fresh food for your own table, you can provide supplemental inco…
Considerations for Using By-Product Feeds (B 862) By-product feeds come from a variety of sources, including grain processing, production of human foods and beverages, and manufacturing of fiber products. Although many of these feeds have been used f…
Consumer Demand for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in the U.S. (1960-1993) (RB 431) Price and expenditure elasticities at the retail level between 1960 and 1993 were estimated for 11 fresh fruits and 10 fresh vegetables by employing a composite demand system approach and using annual…
Consumer Horticulture Series: Connecting People and Plants (C 1202) Consumer horticulture touches all our lives, whether in a bustling downtown area, the open countryside, or anywhere in between. Consumer horticulture supports human health, community beautification, e…
Consumer Horticulture Series: Consumer Horticulture Benefits for Individuals and Families (C 1203) The plants and gardens that we tend matter for our personal health. They can enhance our homes, making them a haven for rest and well-being. They provide much-needed exercise, nutrition, and diversion…
Consumer Horticulture Series: Consumer Horticulture Benefits our Environment (C 1215) Consumer horticulture is the cultivation, use, and enjoyment of plants, gardens, landscapes, and related horticultural items to the benefit of individuals, communities, and the environment. These acti…
Control of Common Pests of Landscape Plants (B 1074) Many species of insects or mites attack Georgia landscape plants. Homeowners have difficulty controlling these pests because they often are not aware of the problem until both the infestation and the …
Control of Lace Bugs on Ornamental Plants (B 1102) Lace bug damage to the foliage of trees and shrubs detracts greatly from the plants' beauty, reduces the plants' ability to produce food, reduces the plants' vigor ad causes the plant to be more susce…
Control of Mastitis and Milk Quality in Dairy Goats through Immunization (B 1446) Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goats ranges between 5% and 30%, with Staphylococcus spp., otherwise known as the coagulase-negative staphylococci, identified as the most frequent cause of infection. …
Controlling Crabgrass and Goosegrass with Resistance to Sethoxydim and other ACCase-Inhibitors in Georgia Turf (B 1462) Sethoxydim has been widely used for grassy weed control in centipedegrass lawns, roadsides, and sod farms. Decades of exclusive sethoxydim use in Georgia have led to the emergence of ACCase-resistant …
Controlling Insects on Summer Squash in the Home Garden (C 1177) Summer squash is one of the most popular warm season vegetables grown in home gardens. Unfortunately, the levels of insect attacks on summer squash have risen dramatically over the last 10 years. Safe…
Controlling Lace Bugs on Ornamental Grasses (C 1143) The grass lace bug, Leptodictya plana Heidemann (Hemiptera: Tingidae), has been recently reported as a pest of ornamental grasses in Georgia. It is closely related to, and resembles, the sugarcane lac…
Controlling Moss and Algae in Turf (C 823) Occasionally, turfgrass areas begin to thin out and moss and algae start to form. These primitive plants develop because conditions for growing dense, healthy turf have declined. This publication give…
Conversion Tables, Formulas and Suggested Guidelines for Horticultural Use (B 931) Pesticide and fertilizer recommendations are often made on a pounds per acre and tons per acre basis. While these may be applicable to field production of many crops, orchardists, nurserymen and green…
Corn Production Safety and Health for Farmers (B 1333) This publication addresses safety issues inherent to corn production before and during a corn production season. We have divided safety issues into General Health and Safety, Corn Harvest, Corn Grain …
Cost of Irrigation Ownership and Operating Costs through Irrigation Budgets for South Georgia (C 1235) These irrigation budgets, developed by University of Georgia Cooperative Extension, are estimates of the irrigation costs of a center pivot irrigation system located in southeast Georgia. Our intentio…
Cotton Growth Monitoring and PGR Management (C 1244) Cotton growth monitoring is vital to producing a healthy crop, making sure that the crop is growing on track, and that there are minimal stresses on the crop. Growth monitoring also can assist in maki…
Cotton Production and the Boll Weevil in Georgia: History, Cost of Control, and Benefits of Eradication (RB 428) The success of the Southeast Boll Weevil Eradication Program has played a major role in the recent revival of Georgia’s cotton industry. Along with these economic benefits, the remarkable success of t…
Country Cured Ham (B 1526) Country cured hams are considered a delicacy and are widely accepted by Georgians. Our forefathers cured country hams during the winter months in order to have a summer supply of meat. Country hams, p…
Cover Crop Biomass Sampling (C 1077) Cover crops are one of the most important practices that farmers can use to improve their soils and the sustainability of their production system. Knowing how much biomass there is in a field is a cri…
Cow Behavior: A Critical Factor to Consider Under Heat Stress (B 1442) Cow behavior is critical for animal well-being and performance and influenced by many factors, such as heat stress. Under thermo-neutral conditions, cows spend half a day lying down and the rest of th…
Cowpea Curculio in Southern Pea (C 1038) This publication describes ways to identify and manage cowpea curculio damage in Southern pea.
Crape Myrtle Bark Scale: An Emerging Invasive Pest in the Nursery and Landscape (C 1234) The crape myrtle bark scale (CMBS) is an emerging threat to crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia spp.) in Georgia. As the name indicates, this scale pest attacks the bark of crape myrtle, the only known scale …
Crape Myrtle Culture (C 944) Crape myrtle is one of the most useful flowering shrubs/trees grown in Georgia. It provides abundant summer color with a minimum of maintenance.
Creating Pollinator Nesting Boxes to Help Native Bees (C 1125) Planting pollinator-friendly flowers in your yard is a great first step for improving the quality of pollinator habitats. Adding nesting sites and nesting materials is another important measure in cre…
Creep Feeding Beef Calves (B 1315) Creep feeding is the practice of providing supplemental feed (grain or forage) to nursing calves. This is usually done with the use of a creep gate, which is large enough for calves to enter the feedi…
Crop Profile for Cowpeas in Georgia (B 1480) Georgia ranks in the nation's top 10 in cowpea (southern pea, Vigna unguiculata) production, with estimates of more than 4,900 acres grown in approximately 49 of 159 counties in the state in the 2014 …
Cross-Commodity Management of Silverleaf Whitefly in Georgia (C 1141) Silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) is a major pest of agriculture in Georgia requiring management in vegetable and agronomic cropping systems to preserve yield and quality. Our greatest opportunity for impact…
Cultural Management of Commercial Pecan Orchards (B 1304) In order for a commercial pecan operation to be consistently successful, the goal of the operation should be annual production of a moderate crop of high quality nuts, rather than the production of a …
Cultural Management of the Bearing Peach Orchard (C 879) When the peach tree moves into its bearing years a shift in emphasis from exclusive attention to vegetative development for building a tree structure to maintaining a balance enough vegetative growth …
Cutting Costs, Not Corners: Managing Cattle in Tough Times (B 1373) Cutting costs allows producers to survive during trying times and also teaches valuable lessons that may actually increase profits in future years. Cutting corners, on the other hand, may save some mo…
Dahlias (C 576) Dahlias are among the most spectacular flowers you can grow in your garden. Hundreds of varieties are available, with flower sizes ranging from 1 to 14 inches in diameter. Almost any color except true…
Dairy Business Analysis Project: 1999 Summary for Florida and Georgia Dairies (B 1205-1) The Dairy Business Analysis Project was initiated in 1996 to measure and document the financial performance of Florida dairy businesses using standardized accounting measures, so uniform comparisons c…
Dairy Business Analysis Project: 2005 Summary for Florida and Georgia Dairies (B 1205-2) Financial data for the year 2005 were collected from participating dairy farms and screened for completeness and validity. Each dairy farm then received a benchmark report detailing its financial resu…
Dairy Genetic Benchmarks (B 1203) This publication provides genetic benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Examples for using and applying benchmark values are provided; however, this publication …
Dairy Herd Synchronization Programs (B 1227) This publication describes dairy herd synchronization programs will help improve your reproductive management efficiency. Try the one that fits your management system the best. Both estrus and ovulati…
Dairy Judging Terminology: A Guide to Saying What She is and Not What She Isn't (B 1234) This guide is designed to help you improve your reasons for your placings in dairy cattle evaluations. Slowly incorporate new terms into your oral reasons and your ability to describe what you see wil…
Dairy Production and Management Benchmarks (B 1193) This publication provides production and management benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Some examples of using and applying benchmark values are provided. Howe…
Dairy Reproduction Benchmarks (B 1210) This publication provides reproduction benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Some examples of using and applying benchmark values are provided; however, this pub…
Dealing with Pasture, Hay, Feed, and Livestock Losses After Significant Weather Events (C 1165) As a result of significant weather events, many producers in Georgia may experience losses of pasture growth, hay stocks, feed supplies, and livestock. After such events occur, farmers will be assessi…
Deer-Tolerant Ornamental Plants (C 985) If deer are overabundant in your neighborhood, and deer herd reduction or management is not feasible, a good way to prevent deer browsing in landscapes is to plant ornamental plants that deer do not l…
Designing Research and Demonstration Tests for Farmers' Fields (B 1177) As farmers and farm advisers, you make many management choices during a growing season. For example, you may have to decide which cultivar to plant, which herbicide to use, how frequently to apply a f…
Designing, Constructing and Maintaining Bermudagrass Sports Fields (B 1292) This for-sale publication describes everything you need to know about designing, constructing and maintaining bermudagrass sports fields. It is available for purchase here: http://www.caes.uga.edu/pub…
Determining Lime Requirement Using the Equilibrium Lime Buffer Capacity (C 874) Soil pH is an important chemical property because it influences the availability of soil nutrients for plant uptake, and it affects a crop's root system development. Soil pH also indicates whether lim…
Developing a Food Safety Plan for Acid / Acidified Foods (B 1541) This bulletin provides the scientific basis and food-safety framework for developing a food safety plan for acid/acidified foods. This includes practical food-safety examples for the acidified foods, …
Developing a Recall Plan: A Guide for Small Food Processing Facilities (B 1509) The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines a recall as actions taken by a firm to remove a product from the market. A well-designed recall plan will help to effectively locate the recalled product…
Developing a Storm Preparedness and Response Plan for Dairies (B 1525) The Southeast U.S. is susceptible to hurricanes and tropical storms every year. Hurricane season occurs from June 1 through November 30, and these storms are normally forecast several days in advance.…
Developing a WaterSmart Landscape (C 930) A water smart landscape is more than just water-efficient. It's a landscape that has been carefully designed, properly installed and managed to reduce pollution, improve conservation and ensure year-r…
Development and Control of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes in Carrots (B 1545) Carrots suffer significant yield losses from nematode pests because the harvested edible product (taproot) is directly affected by nematode infection, resulting in reduced marketable yield and quality…
Diagnostic Guide to Common Home Orchard Diseases (B 1336) This publication is intended to be used as a pictorial diagnostic guide to identify the most common diseases seen on fruits grown in home landscapes, gardens, and/or orchards in Georgia. Use this guid…
Diagnostics System for Crop History and Disorders in Greenhouses and Nurseries (B 1273) This diagnostic system is designed as a tool to assist growers, Extension specialists and county agents to diagnose problems with ornamental crops. The document consists of six major sections and five…
Diseases of Leyland Cypress in the Landscape (B 1229) Leyland cypress has become one of the most widely used plants in commercial and residential landscapes across Georgia as a formal hedge, screen, buffer strip or wind barrier. Leyland cypress (x Cupres…
Diseases of Sorghum in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1271) This publication contains information on the most important and common diseases of sorghum, the biology of the causal agents, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms (aided by high-q…
Do You Plan to Retire? Series: Key Issues to Consider (C 1112-1) Retirement is a time to relax and enjoy life. Unfortunately, not all of us will be assured a plush retirement home, lots of free time, and world travel. This publication includes some important things…
Do You Plan to Retire? Series: Ways to Save for Retirement (C 1112-2) Retirement is just around the corner, and it is important to begin planning and saving for retirement as soon as possible. In order to maximize your savings, it is important to understand the various …
Dollar Spot of Turfgrasses in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1091) Dollar spot is an ever-present turfgrass disease that affects all warm and cool season grasses in the state of Georgia. The publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agen…
Don't Let the Bed Bugs Bite: Avoiding Bed Bugs in Your Home (C 1108) This publication presents helpful information about bed bugs and ways to reduce the risk of bringing them into your home. The circular includes a helpful guide to shopping for secondhand items. For a…
Dormant Spur and Cane Pruning Bunch Grapevines (B 1505) This bulletin is intended to provide to provide both veteran and new growers an overview of commercially popular pruning strategies and a greater depth of understanding of the theory behind pruning me…
Drinking Water: Interpretation and Recommendations (B 1441) An estimated 1.7 million people in Georgia rely on 640,000 private wells for their drinking water supply. The Georgia Environmental Protection Division enforces EPA's drinking water quality standards …
Drip Chemigation: Injecting Fertilizer, Acid and Chlorine (B 1130) Drip irrigation is an important component of vegetable production systems in Georgia. Drip irrigation is more desirable than other irrigation methods for several reasons. Two important advantages are …
Drip Irrigation Checklist: Start-Up (C 1093) This publication reviews the critical items to address when starting a drip irrigation system that has been idle. This is important information for specialty crop producers and homeowners that have dr…
Drip Irrigation Checklist: Winterization (C 1094) This publication addresses winterization of a drip irrigation system. The circular includes information about winterization timing, components of a drip system, precautions to take when servicing a dr…
Drip Irrigation in Pecans (B 936) Research conducted on drip-irrigated pecans in Georgia over the past several years has shown that drip irrigation is highly beneficial even in wet years. The objective of drip irrigation is to supply …
Drip Irrigation in the Home Vegetable Garden (C 1095) This publication is designed to give small market growers, homeowners, and Master Gardener audiences a quick guide to selecting and installing drip irrigation in the vegetable garden.
Drought Management Strategies for Beef Cattle (B 1323) Drought conditions are a yearly occurrence in Georgia and have been prolonged in several areas over the past several years. These conditions can have severe impacts on cattle, and every cattleman shou…
Drought-Related Cattle Feeding Problems (SB 51) Drought does not develop overnight but progressively over time. Proper management during a drought period can make or break a producer's ability to stay in the cattle business. One main concern during…
Dust Control with Engineering Systems in Poultry Houses (C 1214) High levels of dust in cage-free poultry house air can carry airborne microorganisms and endotoxins that, once inhaled, may trigger respiratory diseases in animals and/or their caretakers. Mitigating …
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: A Healthy Breakfast Feeds the Brain (C 1037-07) Read about the connection between a healthy breakfast and children's learning, and work with your child to make a fruit smoothie for breakfast.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: A Variety of Foods for Picky Eaters (C 1037-16) Read tips for helping picky eaters try new foods, and play a food finder game with your child on your next grocery shopping trip.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Appropriate Portion Sizes (C 1037-13) Learn quick ways to estimate appropriate portion sizes for common foods, and help your child practice measuring and comparing portions of cereal.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Benefits of Staying Physically Active (C 1037-19) Read about the benefits of being physically active for adults and children, and play walking games with your child.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Breakfast Fuels Your Day (C 1037-06) Learn why breakfast is essential to good health, and encourage your children to make breakfast more interesting with healthy toppings for their hot or cold cereal.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Current Physical Activity Trends (C 1037-24) Read about current trends in physical activity, and help your child be active by finding creative ways to move while drawing with sidewalk chalk.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Drinking Water is Important (C 1037-01) Learn why drinking water is an important part of keeping yourself and your family healthy, and help children learn about hydration by exploring wet and dry sponges.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Eat Breakfast Together (C 1037-09) Read tips for creating a quick breakfast your family can eat on the go, and make breakfast fun by inviting your family on a breakfast picnic.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Eating a Variety of Foods can be Fun! (C 1037-05) Find out how to make eating foods from all of the food groups more fun, and encourage your child to eat fruit by making silly fruit faces on a plate.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Eating a Variety of Foods is Healthy! (C 1037-04) Learn about the five food groups that make up MyPlate, and help your child learn the groups by coloring in sections of a paper plate.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Healthy Eating on a Budget (C 1037-17) Learn how to help your family eat healthy on a budget, and help your child keep track of what he/she eats in each food group using a simple chart.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: How Much Physical Activity? (C 1037-22) Find out how much physical activity young children need, and encourage your child to be active by playing a freeze dance game with music.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: How Much Water Should You Drink? (C 1037-02) Find out how much water you should drink to stay hydrated, and help children make drinking water more fun by making colored fruit ice cubes.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: It's Important to Stop When You're Full (C 1037-11) Learn why it’s important to stop eating when you are full, and teach your child about “full” and “empty” using bowls of water.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Making Breakfast can be Fun (C 1037-10) Check out breakfast foods that your child can help make, and work together with your child to build a fruit and yogurt parfait.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Modeling Healthy Eating Behaviors (C 1037-18) Find out how to model healthy eating for your child, and work with your child to create a healthy trail mix for a snack.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Motivating Your Child to be Active (C 1037-23) Learn how to motivate your child to be more active, and encourage your child’s physical activity by setting up a treasure hunt.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Physical Activity Teaches New Skills (C 1037-20) Learn about the skills children learn through physical activity, and be active as a family by playing a giant board game with your child.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Safety and Physical Activity (C 1037-21) Read safety tips for your active child, and encourage your child to be active by creating and moving through an obstacle course together.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Tips for Serving Smaller Portions (C 1037-14) Read tips for serving your family smaller food portions, and help your child practice healthy eating by self-serving food at the next meal.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Water Helps Children Succeed (C 1037-03) Read tips to help your child drink enough water every day, and help your child keep track of water drinking with a simple chart.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: What Does Full Feel Like? (C 1037-12) Find out how to help your child recognize what feeling full is like, and encourage your child to practice “full” by filling a plastic bag with flour or cornstarch.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: What to Eat for Breakfast? (C 1037-08) Check out breakfast ideas that include foods from several food groups, and encourage your child to draw a favorite breakfast food.
Eat Healthy, Be Active Series: Why It's Important to Stop When Full (C 1037-15) Learn why it is important not to force children to clean their plates, and read a story with your child about why stopping eating when full is important.
Eclipta Identification and Control in Peanut (C 869) Eclipta is considered to be one of the world's worst weeds. This publication discusses the identification and control of eclipta in peanut.
Eco-Friendly Garden: Attracting Pollinators, Beneficial Insects, and Other Natural Predators (B 1456) A pollinator-friendly and ecologically sustainable garden is both beautiful and able to attract and sustain beneficial insects, reducing the need for pesticides. This publication is based on new resea…
Economic Impact of the Georgia Green Industry, 2013 (C 1138) The state of Georgia ranked ninth out of all states in 2013 for green industry (not including sod production, as this was not included in the analysis) economic contributions (including multiplier eff…
Economics of Farm Storage Buildings (B 1173) It is widely accepted that storing farm equipment under a shelter is better than storing it outside and that hay stored in a barn is better than hay stored in the field. But how can we determine just …
Effects of Low Temperature on Plants (B 1467) Temperatures affects plant growth and distribution. This publication explains how low temperatures (chilling and freezing) affect plant growth in production greenhouses, nurseries, and landscapes. The…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Are We Compatible? (C 1052-09) While contemplating if a dating partner might turn into a marriage partner, deciding how compatible you are as a couple is an important factor. In this publication, we describe why compatibility is im…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Before You Say “I Do” (C 1052-10) Taking the time to think about the marriage can be difficult while planning a wedding, but taking the time to think about the decision to marry can help you avoid future problems. In this publication,…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Before You Say “I Do” Again (C 1052-30) Remarried couples are different from first-marriage couples in that they bring different experiences to the marriage. These experiences can lead to unique difficulties. In this publication, we describ…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Bids for Connection: Creating Positive Interactions in Your Marriage (C 1052-26) Positive interactions are important to building a strong marriage. When one partner attempts to make a positive connection, how the other partner responds impacts whether the connection is positive or…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Caregiving Spouses (C 1052-36) As couples reach the later years of marriage, one partner may become ill and the other take on the caregiver role. In this publication, we describe ways for the caregiver to support their partner's se…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Commitment to Look for the Positive (C 1052-15) Committing to look for the positive in the relationship can have a strong impact on the strength of a couple's marriage and their levels of satisfaction. In this publication, we encourage couples to c…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Dealing Positively with Your Former Spouse (C 1052-31) After divorce, many parents have difficulty establishing the type of relationship they will have in order to co-parent their child or children. In this publication, we describe the different types of …
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Dealing with Anger (C 1052-16) Anger is an emotion that everyone feels from time to time, but mismanaging this emotion can lead to hurt and difficulty in the marriage. In this publication, we describe some ways that anger is not ha…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Empty Nest, Now What? (C 1052-02) When the last child leaves home, many couples experience difficulties to this new life adjustment. In this publication, we offer suggestions on how to identify and describe these problems as a couple …
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Enhancing Midlife Marriage (C 1052-37) While, at times, marital satisfaction might decrease during the middle years, there are also many benefits to this stage of marriage. In this publication, we describe the highs and the lows of the mid…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Getting to ‘Really’ Know You (C 1052-11) Dating is an important time of learning about yourself and your partner, but during the beginning stages of a dating relationship, each partner tends to put their best foot forward, which may lead to …
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Goal Setting in Marriage (C 1052-17) Setting goals in a marriage can lead to expectations being met for both partners and for more marital satisfaction. In this publication, we describe the importance of setting goals and give some sugge…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Great Expectations: What Do You Want for Your Marriage? (C 1052-27) Each person brings certain expectations to a relationship from previous experiences and exposures. In this publication, we describe expectations in the marriage and how opening describing these expect…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Honey, Do You Want Lilies or Daisies? Discussing End-of-life with Your Partner (C 1052-38) Describing end of life decisions can be uncomfortable and upsetting, but is an important topic to consider. In this publication, we describe ways for a partner to bring up end of life decisions in con…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: How Attached is Your Relationship? (C 1052-12) Positive attachment is an important part of building a healthy marriage. When knowledge, trust, reliance, commitment, and sex are at balanced levels, strong, lasting attachment can help build stronger…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Instant Family and Love? (C 1052-32) Many couples in a stepmarriage bring certain expectations to the new marriage that might be unrealistic, not only for the marriage itself, but for the whole family. In this publication, we describe wh…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Is Work Starving Your Marriage? (C 1052-35) Due to the increasing demands of the workplace, some couples experience problems due to the interference that work might have with couple or family time. The working spouse may feel the stress of a de…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Knowing Your Partner (C 1052-18) Taking the time to really get to know your partner can help build a strong relational foundation so that when significant life changes occur, the marriage can continue to stay strong. In this publicat…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Let’s Talk S-E-X (C 1052-03) Communicating about the sexual relationship can be very difficult for some couples. In this publication, we describe the importance of communication about sex, how sex is viewed differently, and offer…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Listen to Learn (C 1052-19) During partner communication, listening to learn, rather than listening to reject, is an important communication skill. In this publication, we explain the difference between listening to learn and li…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Love for a Lifetime: Acting on Your Love for Your Spouse (C 1052-04) Many married couples say "I love you" to each other, but practicing love is key to a lasting marriage. In this publication, we offer suggestions of how to express love and give ideas of how to put lov…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Making Couple-time a Priority (C 1052-05) Because of their busy lifestyles, many couples find it difficult to make time for just each other. In this publication, we describe the importance of one-on-one time and offer tips on how to make time…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Managing Conflict, Winning at Love (C 1052-23) Conflict is a natural part of any close relationship, and learning how to handle conflict well can lead to each partner feeling understood and safe to share opinions and feelings, which can lead to an…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Marriage, a Promise to Work (C 1052-13) Many people believe that marriage is "happily ever after" and that happiness is the goal. In the publication, we describe the reality of marriage and the commitment involved.
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Money Talks (C 1052-20) Since conversations about money are often emotionally charged, these conversations can quickly turn into disagreements. In this publication, we list ways to communicate effectively about money, which …
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Money: Yours, Mine, and Ours? (C 1052-33) How money is handled in a remarriage is a major decision based on past experience and financial resources available. Many remarried couples use a variation of a "Yours, Mine, and Ours" approach. In th…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Newlywed Bliss Versus the Money Monster (C 1052-28) Money plays a major role in every marriage, and each partner handles money differently, which can lead to emotionally-charged disagreements. In this publication, we describe the impact money decisions…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: One Marriage, Two Religions (C 1052-06) Interfaith couples may experience hurdles when blending religious beliefs and traditions. In this publication, we describe challenges that interfaith couples may face and offer suggestions of how to d…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Owning the Message (C 1052-22) Making an effort to nourish your marital relationship can greatly strengthen your marriage. When conflicts do arise, using "I" statements can make communication more positive. In this publication, we …
Elevate Your Relationship Series: P.S., I Love You: Dealing with Time Apart (C 1052-07) When one spouse is away and time is spent apart due to job- or military-related duties, the couple may experience unique hurdles and difficulties. In this publication, we describe difficulties long-di…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Preparing Your Marriage for Retirement (C 1052-39) Retirement is not only a transition period for the individual but also for the marriage. In this publication we describe the impact that retirement might have on the marriage and how to prepare for th…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Staying Together After the Loss of a Child (C 1052-08) The loss of a child is an extremely difficult event for anyone to go through and often takes a toll on the marriage. Many couples do, however, maintain a healthy marriage through the difficult loss. I…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Stepparenting Begins with Common Ground (C 1052-34) Defining the role as a stepparent can be a very difficult transition, both for the stepparent and the stepchild. In this publication, we offer steps to help make the transition smoother and to help a …
Elevate Your Relationship Series: Surviving the Holidays (C 1052-21) Expecting a magical or perfect holiday season is something that many individuals practice, possibly leading to stress and disappointment, which can put strain on the marriage. In this publication, we …
Elevate Your Relationship Series: The Honeymoon is Over, Now What? (C 1052-29) After the "honeymoon phase," many couples find that marriage is not exactly what they envisioned, possibly leaving them less than satisfied with their relationship. In this publication, we describe th…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: The New Year, a Good Time for an Intimacy Checkup (C 1052-14) Taking an annual inventory of the emotional, social, sexual, intellectual, recreational, and spiritual intimacy that is in a marriage can reveal what is being done well and what areas might need impro…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: What Did You Mean? (C 1052-24) Men and women communicate in different ways, which may lead to a misunderstanding. In this publication, we describe the ways in which men and women generally communicate and offer suggestions on how t…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: What I Said vs. What You Heard (C 1052-25) Many things, such as distractions, emotional states, beliefs and expectations, differences in communication styles, and self-protection can lead to a miscommunication between couples. In this publicat…
Elevate Your Relationship Series: When Baby Makes Three: Making Time for Two (C 1052-01) The significant life-changing experience of becoming a first-time parent can be an exciting and stressful time, but can also take a toll on the marriage. In this publication, we describe why becoming …
Ensuring Safe Private Well Water for Household Use After a Flood (C 1124) The quality of drinking water from wells may be compromised during a flood. Flooding around the well increases the risk of drinking water becoming contaminated with bacteria or any other contaminants,…
Environmental Enhancement with Ornamental Plants: Butterfly Gardening (C 975) Butterfly populations can be greatly enhanced by devoting a portion of the landscape to butterfly habitat. In addition to their natural beauty, butterflies serve as valuable plant pollinators.
Environmental Factors to Control when Brooding Chicks (B 1287) The main objective in brooding chicks is to efficiently and economically provide a comfortable, healthy environment for growing birds. Temperature, air quality, humidity and light are critical factors…
Environmental Water Quality Series: Bacterial Source Tracking (BST) (B 1242-7) Fecal contamination of water impacts many regions of the U.S. and may carry risks to human health. When a water body fails to meet water quality standards for fecal bacteria, the Federal Clean Water A…
Environmental Water Quality Series: Drinking Water Protection in Georgia (B 1242-5) Drinking water sources in Georgia (surface and ground water) can be contaminated by landfills and dumps, leaky septic tanks, urban runoff, industry and agricultural operations. The state of Georgia ha…
Environmental Water Quality Series: Georgia's Water Quality Standards (B 1242-3) The Environmental Protection Division (GAEPD) of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GADNR) is responsible for setting and enforcing water quality standards. The goals of establishing these s…
Environmental Water Quality Series: On-Site Wastewater Management Systems and Their Environmental Impact (B 1242-4) On-site wastewater treatment systems provide treatment and ultimate dispersal of wastewater from homes and small businesses. They usually consist of a septic tank, a drain field and the underlying soi…
Environmental Water Quality Series: Total Maximum Daily Loads in Georgia (B 1242-2) A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards. This publication contains comprehensive in…
Environmental Water Quality Series: Urban Storm Water Management in Georgia (B 1242-6) Storm water is the runoff from land and impervious areas such as paved streets, parking lots and building rooftops during rain events. It often contains pollutants such as nutrients, bacteria, sedimen…
Environmental Water Quality Series: Watershed Assessment in Georgia (B 1242-1) Watershed assessment is the measurement and use of chemical, physical and biological properties to determine the current health of streams. It also can include the use of predictive modeling of waters…
Environmentally Friendly Landscape Practices (C 967) With proper planning, planting and maintenance, a healthier landscape can be created with less expense, less work and less damage to the world around us.
Equine Parasite Control: Moving Beyond Rotational Deworming (C 1193) Parasite resistance is an increasing problem in livestock species, including horses. Equine deworming practices have historically involved a six-week rotational deworming schedule. However, these prac…
Equipment Maintenance and Troubleshooting for the Landscape and Garden (C 1247) This publication covers routine maintenance and troubleshooting for common motorized equipment (small engine) that is used by small farmers and gardeners. Gardening and landscape equipment can be an e…
Essential pH Management in Greenhouse Crops: pH and Plant Nutrition (B 1256) Your goal as a greenhouse grower is to maintain a stable pH over the life of the crop. This is not an easy task since many factors can affect pH in the growing substrate. The pH can go up or down with…
Establishing a Pecan Orchard (B 1314) A well-planned, organized orchard will be more efficient, require less input and offer larger potential returns. Select the orchard location based on its soil type, drainage, water table and land topo…
Estimating Crude Protein Variability and Savings of Broiler Feeds Using Microsoft Excel (B 1430) This publication describes Microsoft Excel workbooks designed to calculate the effects of dividing ingredients into above- and below-average portions (2-bin method) and the costs of providing nutrient…
Estrous Synchronization for Beef Cattle (B 1232) Estrous (heat) synchronization in beef cattle involves manipulating the females' estrous cycle so they can be bred at about the same time. The normal 21-day estrous cycle in beef cattle can be altered…
Estrus Synchronization Programs for Natural Service (B 1544) Cattle producers commonly evaluate reproductive performance by determining how many cows became pregnant during the breeding season. Although pregnancy rates are important, when the females become pre…
European Gypsy Moth Update for Georgia and the Southeast (B 1492) Currently, European gypsy moth is one of the top quarantine species in the United States. Thanks to the efforts of the U.S. Forest Service and other organizations, such as the Slow the Spread Foundati…
Evaluating and Interpreting Application Uniformity of Center Pivot Irrigation Systems (C 911) With rising fuel prices it is increasingly important that irrigation systems apply water uniformly in order to achieve maximum benefit from the water applied. The uniformity of water application under…
Evaluating Common Equine Performance Classes (B 1401) When competing in youth horse judging contests or events at horse shows, it is important to have a good understanding of basic performance events that may be encountered. This publication is designed …
Evaluating Fruit Quality of Citrus Varieties in Georgia, 2020-21 (AP 127-1) The commercial citrus industry in Georgia has only recently been established, with most groves planted after 2014. Initially, satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu) on trifoliate rootstocks (Poncirus trifo…
Evaluating Fruit Quality of Citrus Varieties in Georgia, 2021 (C 1275) The commercial citrus industry in Georgia has only recently been established, with most groves planted after 2014. Initially, satsuma mandarins (Citrus unshiu) on trifoliate rootstocks (Poncirus trifo…
Evaluating Fruit Quality of Citrus Varieties in Georgia, 2021-22 (AP 127-2) Note: This publication contains data from an average of the 2020-21 and 2021-22 orange harvest seasons (exceptions noted in the chart). The commercial citrus industry in Georgia has only recently been…
Evaluating Horse Conformation (B 1400) When examining horses for conformation, either when considering a purchase or competing in horse judging contests, it is important to break things down into key principles to avoid becoming overwhelme…
Exobasidium Leaf And Fruit Spot of Blueberry (C 1142) Exobasidium leaf and fruit spot, caused by the fungus Exobasidium maculosum, is an emerging disease affecting both southern highbush and rabbiteye blueberries. In addition to direct yield loss due to …
Experiments and Observations on Growing Mayhaws as a Crop in South Georgia and North Florida (C 966) Limited information is available on the commercial production of mayhaws; thus, the objective of our research has been to: 1) determine if mayhaws are adapted to commercial orchard production, 2) iden…
Extending the Growing Season for Lettuce in Georgia Using Shade Cloth and High Tunnels (C 1241) Georgia growers can reliably produce lettuce in shaded high tunnels to capitalize on summer markets. This publication is an overview of using shading to grow lettuce in a high tunnel during the summer…
Factors Affecting Calving Difficulty (B 943) Calving difficulty, otherwise known as dystocia, may result in reduced calf performance, delayed estrus and, in some cases, loss of the calf and/or dam. This publication discusses several factors affe…
Factors Contributing to Poultry House Structural Failures (B 1391) Most structural failures in poultry houses are due to a combination of weaknesses in the structural members, including the foundation, walls, trusses and the connections between them. Improvements in …
Factors to Consider in Selecting a Farm Irrigation System (B 882) The majority of agricultural irrigation systems in Georgia fit into one of two broad categories: sprinkler irrigation and micro-irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation systems include center pivot, linear mo…
Facts for County Planners: Set-Backs for Poultry Houses (C 931) One of the most important components of a zoning ordinance for poultry farms relates to the set-back distance required for the location of poultry production houses. It is important that set-back requ…
Facts for County Planners: Zoning Issues and Poultry Production (C 932) Georgia poultry farmers are among the best in the world at growing chickens using state of the art technology, housing systems, and best management practices. To protect this vital business for Georgi…
Fall Gardening: A Collection of Information and Resources (AP 105) This publication is an annually-updated guide to fall gardening information and resources for Georgia. Topics include planting tall fescue lawns, soil bag flower beds, planting pansies like the pros, …
Fall Vegetable Gardening (C 1258) This publication covers fall vegetable production including planting dates, spacing, general culture of cool-season vegetables planted in Georgia in the fall. Many people consider the end of summer to…
Fall Webworms: Biology and Management (C 1197) The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) is a polyphagous caterpillar pest of ornamentals and trees in Georgia. “Polyphagous” means that it can feed on many types of food, an…
Feeder Calf Grading Fundamentals (B 1481) Feeder cattle buyers, marketers, and producers are able to communicate the potential growth and carcass merit potential of individual and grouped calves using the USDA Feeder Cattle Grading Standards.…
Feeding for Improved Yield of Milk Components (B 1512) This bulletin provides information for producers, nutritionists, and feed industry personnel on formulating diets to maintain or improve milk composition. The value of milk components is increasing mo…
Feeding Issues for Broiler Breeder Feather Cover (C 1096) Feather coverage is important for both thermoregulation and disease prevention. Because feathers are made of protein, there are obvious nutritional factors that affect feather coverage in high yield b…
Feeding Sprouted Wheat to Cattle (C 979) Sprouted grains are usually considered unsuitable for milling or distilling; however, they can serve as an excellent source of nutrients for cattle. Wheat, which is commonly used for human consumption…
Feeding Strategies for Peak Performance in Horses (B 1365) Nutrition can play a key role in achieving peak athletic performance in horses. This publication discusses ways to enhance feeding strategies to maximize training and conditioning programs and keep ho…
Feeding Whole Cottonseed to Dairy Cows and Replacements (SB 59) Whole cottonseed is an excellent feed for dairy cattle due to its high level of fiber, protein and energy (fat) in a compact package. It can be fed just as it comes from the gin without processing or …
Fences for Horses (B 1192) Fences are necessary to safely confine horses yet provide them with the opportunity to exercise and graze. Because of the natural flight response of horses, they tend to injure themselves in fences mo…
Fences for the Farm (C 774) Fences may be used to protect or divide property, to improve its appearance, to confine animals, or to exclude animals. This publication covers the planning for, type of, materials for, and maintenanc…
Fertilizer Injectors: Selection, Maintenance and Calibration (B 1237) Fertilizer injectors are devices used to apply water-soluble fertilizers, pesticides, plant growth regulators, wetting agents and mineral acids during crop production. They are a vital part of modern …
Fertilizing Blueberries in Pine Bark Beds (B 1291) Grower experiences have proven milled pine bark to be an excellent growing substrate for southern highbush blueberries. Although milled pine bark shares many characteristics with good blueberry soil, …
Fertilizing the Home Garden (C 1179) This publication covers the basics of how to correctly fertilize the home vegetable garden. It discusses the differences between organic and synthetic fertilizers and the advantages and disadvantages …
Fescue Toxicosis in Horses (C 1180) Tall fescue is the primary cool season perennial forage grown in the state of Georgia, and toxicity issues related to the grass can have significant impacts on equine reproduction. Tall fescue is the …
Field Guide to Ambrosia Beetles of Agricultural Importance in the Eastern and Southern United States (C 1239) This pocket field guide provides a summary of the common economically damaging species of ambrosia beetles in the Eastern and Southern U.S. It includes an easy-to-use morphological identification guid…
Financial Analysis of Methyl Bromide and Mulch Alternatives for Bell Pepper in Georgia (B 1411) This publication contains a financial analysis of alternatives to methyl bromide and mulch for bell pepper in Georgia. This research is aimed at seeking the best fumigant substitute for methyl bromide…
Fire Ecology of Shortleaf Forests (C 1133) Bill Pickens, Conifer Silviculturist, North Carolina Forest Service Shortleaf pine and its associated plant communities evolved with fire of varied temperatures, or mixed severity, and a fire return i…
Fireblight: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment (C 871) Fireblight is a destructive, highly infectious, and widespread disease. It attacks blossoms, leaves, shoots, branches, fruits, and roots. This publication has some facts and methods to avoid and contr…
Flatheaded appletree borer: A pest of trees in nurseries and landscapes (C 1261) The flatheaded appletree borer is a polyphagous pest—so called because it feeds on multiple tree species—native throughout North America. Flatheaded appletree borers impact specialty crops such as fru…
Flowering Annuals for Georgia Gardens (B 954) Annuals are the mainstay color plant of many home gardens. They are also used in increasingly large numbers in commercial and municipal landscapes because they provide landscape color in a very short …
Flowering Bulbs for Georgia Gardens (B 918) A wide variety of bulbs grow well in Georgia. Most are grown for their flowers and some for their foliage. They are grown as pot plants, in shrub borders, naturalistic plantings and in mass displays. …
Flowering Perennials for Georgia Gardens (B 944) This publication is devoted specifically to covering everything you need to know about growing herbaceous perennials, primarily to those that persist from crowns and/or fleshy roots.
Foliage Products: An Opportunity for the Georgia Ornamental Industry (B 1262) The majority of the plants used for interior decoration are considered “foliage plants” because of the highly decorative value of their leaves. Most of them originated in tropical and subtropical area…
Food Hubs in Georgia: A Potential Market for Small-Scale and Midscale Farms (B 1488) In Georgia, there are many small-scale producers that largely use ecological production practices, such as Certified Organic, and sell in farmers markets or other direct marketing channels. As these d…
Food Safety Tips for Preparing a Holiday Turkey (C 1226) This publication covers safe thawing, cooking, and storing a turkey, including current estimates of the time needed for safe thawing and cooking. The USDA recommends three ways to defrost turkeys: in …
Forage Systems for Horses in Georgia (B 1224) A good pasture and forage program can provide quality feed and normally will be the most efficient and economical means of providing a substantial part of equine rations. In Georgia, we are fortunate …
Forage Systems for Stocker Cattle (B 1392) This publication provides a guide to the various forage systems that could be used for stocker development and provides guidelines for managing grazing or hay harvests for optimum forage yield and qua…
Forage Use and Grazing Herd Management During a Drought (C 914) This brief management guideline provides producers with specific management tactics that may minimize the potential for short- and long-term problems. These tactics, categorized in order of early, adv…
Forest Farming–Forest Gardening: Growing Alternative Crops Under a Forest Canopy (C 1029) This publication describes forest farming (also known as forest gardening), which can be defined as cultivation of plants under a forest canopy (as opposed to wildcrafting, the practice of collecting …
Foxtail Identification and Control in Georgia Pastures and Hayfields (B 1464) Foxtails (Setaria spp.) are invasive weeds in pastures and hayfields. The competitive growth of foxtails with pasture specie causes stand thinning and reductions in hay yields. Foxtails may be grazed …
Freeze Branding Cattle (C 904) To improve efficiency, cattle producers should place a high priority on identifying individual cattle and maintaining accurate records. One type of permanent identification is branding.
Fresh Market Broccoli Production for Georgia (B 1460) Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. variety italica) is grown throughout Georgia in both the fall and spring growing seasons. A locally significant wholesale industry has developed in southwest Georgia in …
Frost Damage of Carinata Grown in the Southeastern U.S. (B 1517) Brassica carinata is an annual oilseed crop used for the commercial production of jet fuel, animal feed, and valuable chemicals. Carinata has recently been introduced in Georgia as a cool season cash …
Fungus Gnats: A Tiny Nuisance of Houseplants (C 1250) Nothing is more welcoming in the home, office, waiting room, or conference room than lush greenery. The benefits of plants in the home and workplace are well-documented. They remove pollutants, help w…
Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon in Georgia (B 1485) Watermelon production faces many challenges in Georgia. The warm, humid climate favors numerous foliar diseases. Because of the long history of watermelon production in Georgia, soilborne diseases suc…
Gardening in Containers (C 787) Growing plants in containers differs from growing plants in the ground. Poorly drained potting mixture can lead to root problems. Under conditions of excess moisture and poor aeration, roots become st…
Gardening in Containers Using Tropical Plants (B 1338) Container gardening has enjoyed an increased popularity in the last decade. With increased urbanization, container gardens have come to the rescue to brighten up patios and balconies. This publication…
Genomic Testing in Beef Cattle: How Does it Work? (B 1506) Genomic testing is not a new idea in the eyes of science, but its application in today's beef industry is still met with some confusion. The purpose of this publication is to explain to county agents …
Georgia 2010 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-2) This publication presents the results of the 2010 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locatio…
Georgia 2011 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-3) This publication presents the results of the 2011 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locatio…
Georgia 2012 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-4) This publication presents the results of the 2012 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locatio…
Georgia 2013 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-5) This report presents the results of the 2013 peanut, cotton and tobacco performance tests.
Georgia 2014 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-6) This report presents the results of the 2014 peanut, cotton and tobacco variety performance tests.
Georgia 2015 Peanut, Cotton and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-7) This research report presents the results of the 2015 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following lo…
Georgia 2015 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-7) This research report presents the results of the 2015 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at s…
Georgia 2016 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-8) This research report presents the results of the 2016 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following lo…
Georgia 2016 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-8) This research report presents the results of the 2016 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at s…
Georgia 2016-2017 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-9) This report includes results of the 2016-2017 performance tests of small grains used for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted in five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plain…
Georgia 2017 Corn Performance Tests (AP 101-9) In this research report, the results of the 2017 corn performance trials are presented. Short-season and mid-season hybrids were planted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville in the Coastal Plain region, at…
Georgia 2017 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-9) This publication presents the results of the 2017 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locati…
Georgia 2017 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-9) This research report presents the results of the 2017 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at s…
Georgia 2017-2018 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-10) This report includes results of the 2017-2018 performance tests of small grains used for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted in five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plain…
Georgia 2018 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-10) This publication presents the results of the 2018 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locati…
Georgia 2018 Soybean, Sorghum Grain and Silage, and Summer Annual Forages Performance Tests (AP 103-10) This research report presents the results of the 2018 statewide performance tests of soybean, sorghum grain and silage, and summer annual forages. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at s…
Georgia 2018-2019 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-11) This report includes results of the 2018-2019 performance tests of small grains used for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted in five locations in Georgia, including Tifton, Plain…
Georgia 2019 Peanut, Cotton, and Tobacco Performance Tests (AP 104-11) This publication presents the results of the 2019 statewide performance tests of peanut, cotton, and tobacco. The tests for various evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locati…
Georgia 2019 Soybean Performance Tests (AP 103-11) This research report presents the results of the 2019 statewide soybean performance tests. Evaluations were conducted at several or all of the following locations: Tifton, Plains, Midville and Attapul…
Georgia 2019-2020 Small Grain Performance Tests (AP 100-12) This research report presents results of the 2019-2020 performance tests of small grains grown for grain and forage. Grain evaluation studies were conducted at five locations in Georgia, including Tif…
Georgia Corn Diagnostic Guide (B 1221) The field is a complex environment with many factors that can interact to influence the growth of a corn plant. These factors can be living in the form of insects, diseases, nematodes and weeds; or, t…
Georgia Farm Record Book (B 722) This publication is intended to provide you with a useful aid in the business management of your farming operation. Spaces is provided for recording farm receipts and expenses, capital transactions, i…
Georgia Fireflies (C 1213) Georgia is home to over 50 species of fireflies, more than any other U.S. state. Also known as lightning bugs, the insects’ “dancing light” patterns are an important, and nostalgic, part of Georgia su…
Georgia Forages: Grass Species (B 1351) The geographic and environmental diversity of Georgia allows for the extensive use of both cool and warm season grass species. In general, cool season grass species provide higher nutritional quality …
Georgia Forages: Legume Species (B 1347) Legume species add significantly to forage systems in Georgia. They are an excellent source of high quality forage, and are generally very digestible and contain high levels of crude protein (CP). Man…
Georgia Green*A*Syst: Environmental Checklist for Nurseries, Greenhouses and Turfgrass Producers (B 1366) Georgia's nurseries, greenhouses and turfgrass businesses are major contributors to Georgia's growing economy, to the beauty of Georgia homes and businesses, and to a better quality of life. When used…
Georgia Grown Pomegranates: A Source of Powerful Phytonutrients (B 1548) Pomegranate is an emerging crop that has been experiencing a significant expansion in Georgia. Pomegranates are excellent sources of sugars, soluble fibers, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals, inc…
Georgia Master Gardener Handbook (AP 106) The Georgia Master Gardener Handbook, 8th Edition, is the official reference text produced by the University of Georgia and developed for Master Gardener training. For more information about the Georg…
Georgia Onion Research-Extension Report 2012 (AP 109) This publication is a report of 2011-2012 onion research variety trials and Extension activity at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook — Commercial Edition (SB 28) The Georgia Pest Management Handbook gives current information on selection, application and safe use of pest control chemicals. The handbook has recommendations for pest control on farms, around home…
Georgia Pest Management Handbook — Home and Garden Edition (SB 48) The Georgia Pest Management Handbook gives current information on selection, application and safe use of pest control chemicals. The handbook has recommendations for pest control on farms, around home…
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Alfalfa (SB 28-10) Commercial insect and weed control in alfalfa. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Animals: Livestock, Poultry, and Honeybee (SB 28-11) Commercial insect and parasite control in animals. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Aquatic Environments and Fish Ponds (SB 28-12) Commercial insect and parasite control in fisheries and aquatic environments. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Canola (SB 28-13) Commercial insect and weed control in canola. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Clover (SB 28-14) Commercial insect and weed control in clover. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Corn and Field Corn (SB 28-15) Commercial insect and weed control in corn and field corn. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Cotton (SB 28-16) Commercial insect and weed control in cotton. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Field Peas (SB 28-17) Commercial insect and weed control in field peas. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Forestry and Christmas Trees (SB 28-18) Commercial insect and weed control in forestry and Christmas trees. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Fruit and Nuts (SB 28-19) Commercial insect and weed control in fruits and nuts. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Grain Millet (SB 28-20) Commercial insect and weed control in grain millet. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Grain Sorghum (SB 28-21) Commercial insect and weed control in grain sorghum. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Insecticidal Transgenic Crops (PIP – Plant Incorporated Protectants) (SB 28-05) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Lespedeza Control (SB 28-06) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Mosquito Control (SB 28-07) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Noncropland and Roadside Areas (SB 28-22) Commercial insect and weed control in noncropland and roadside areas. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Ornamentals (SB 28-23) Commercial insect and weed control in ornamentals. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Peanut (SB 28-24) Commercial insect and weed control in peanut. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Perennial Grass, Pasture, and Forage (SB 28-25) Commercial insect and weed control in perennial grasses, pastures, and forages. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Pesticide Rate & Dosage Calculations, Conversion Tables, Calibration Methods, and Honey Bee Protection (SB 28-04) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Pesticide Regulations, Certification & Licensing, Disposal, and Record-Keeping (SB 28-03) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Sesame (SB 28-26) Commercial insect and weed control in sesame. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Small Grains: Wheat, Triticale, Barley, Oats, and Rye (SB 28-27) Commercial insect and weed control in small grains: wheat, triticale, barley, oats, and rye. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Soybean (SB 28-28) Commercial insect and weed control in soybeans. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Stored Product Insect Management (SB 28-08) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Submitting Specimens for Identification (SB 28-02) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Sugarcane (SB 28-29) Commercial insect and weed control in sugarcane. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Sunflower (SB 28-30) Commercial insect and weed control in sunflowers. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Temporary Grazing (Summer and Winter) (SB 28-31) Commercial insect and weed control in summer and winter temporary grazing. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Tobacco (SB 28-32) Commercial insect and weed control in tobacco. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Turfgrass (SB 28-33) Commercial insect and weed control in turfgrass. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Using Pesticides Safely, Pesticide Emergencies, Worker Protection Standards, and Abbreviations & Equivalents (SB 28-01) Introductory material for the Commercial Edition of the Georgia Pest Management Handbook. Updated yearly.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vegetables (SB 28-34) Commercial insect and weed control in vegetables. Updated annually.
Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vertebrate Pest and Wildlife Nuisance Control (SB 28-09) Additional resources from the GPMH Commercial Edition.
Georgia School Garden Calendar (C 1166) The Georgia School Garden Calendar gives school gardeners month-by-month guidance on growing and using a school garden successfully. Each month information is given on the horticulture of the school g…
Geraniums (B 790) Geraniums are among the most popular flowering plants grown in the United States. They are easy to grow and can be used in many types of gardens, such as ground beds, planter boxes, hanging baskets an…
Get Smart About Identity Theft (B 1435) Your personal identity cannot be taken from you, but your identifying information—your Social Security number and other details about you—certainly can be. If your identifying data is used without you…
Giant Miscanthus Grass as an Alternative Bedding in Poultry Houses (B 1470) Pine shavings are the most popular bedding material used in poultry houses. Due in part to the expansion of the poultry industry, pine shavings are in short supply, and alternative bedding materials a…
Global Warming: How Does It Relate to Poultry? (B 1382) This publication provides information relevant for agriculture and other industries that are under increasing public pressure to reduce emissions of certain atmospheric gases. Explanations are given a…
Gloomy Scale Insects: Pests of Trees in Urban Areas (C 1286) Gloomy scale (Melanaspis tenebricosa) is a serious insect pest that affects maple trees in urban Georgia. It can go undetected for years. Affected trees can show branch dieback and canopy thinning aft…
GPS Guidance Options for Forage Systems (B 1546) Some of the most widely adopted precision agriculture technologies include guidance systems that utilize a Global Positioning System (GPS). Although these technologies are most commonly utilized in ro…
Grain Sorghum: Harvesting, Drying and Storing (C 1017) Compared to other grains, grain sorghum has unique characteristics that must be understood before successfully harvesting, drying and storing it. With some modifications, you can use existing equipmen…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Accessing Resources in Your Community (C 1284-06) Raising grandchildren can be expensive, especially for grandparents with limited budgets. There are many resources in your community that can help make the job of raising your grandchildren easier. If…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Caring for Infants and Toddlers (C 1284-08) As a grandparent, you may feel “out of practice” in caring for a very young child. It may have been many years since your own children were young. We know more now about how the brain develops and how…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Disciplining Your Grandchildren (C 1284-14) How do you teach children to behave appropriately, even when you’re not around? The key is effective, consistent discipline. Children are most likely to be well-adjusted when you combine warmth and lo…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Fun Learning Activities for You and Your Grandchildren (C 1284-12) Have you ever heard, “I’m bored!” from your grandchildren? What can you do with your grandchildren that will keep them entertained and learning at the same time? Watching television or movies and play…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Grandchildren Stay in Contact with Parents (C 1284-02) When you take on the responsibility of raising grandchildren, you may have to navigate the tricky question of whether and how to help your grandchildren stay connected with their parents. For some gra…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Your Grandchildren Deal with the Death of a Parent (C 1284-04) Handling death is always a difficult process. Experiencing grief stretches your emotional resources, and organizing details such as a funeral and burial requires time and planning. For some grandparen…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Your Grandchildren Succeed in School (C 1284-11) The goal of school is to prepare children to succeed in their academic, professional, and personal goals. Your grandchild doesn’t have to be the smartest child in the class to be successful in school;…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Helping Your Preschooler Be Ready for School (C 1284-10) Going to kindergarten is an important step in young children’s lives. As a grandparent raising your young grandchildren, you may wonder how to help your 4- or 5-year-old get ready for kindergarten. Wh…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Legal Issues in Caring for Your Grandchildren (C 1284-07) As a grandparent raising your grandchildren, you may not have imagined being involved with the legal system. But if your grandchildren live with you for a long time, you may eventually need legal supp…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Managing Your Stress (C 1284-03) Have you ever felt overwhelmed by the time and effort you put into raising your grandchildren? When you’re caring for children, it may seem like there are not enough hours in the day. Because you are …
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Moving Your Grandchildren into Your Home (C 1284-01) Raising your grandchildren can be both rewarding and challenging. The transition to this new relationship can be stressful for the entire family. While your grandchildren are getting used to a new hom…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: Out-of-Home Care for Young Children (C 1284-13) Combining grandparenting with full-time or part-time work outside the home can be challenging. Who will take care of your grandchildren while you’re at work? How do you find someone who will help your…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: The Teenage Years (C 1284-09) Have you noticed that being a grandparent changes when children become teens? Adolescence is a time of rapid growth in how teens look, act, think, and feel. With this growth, teenagers begin to need d…
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Series: What You Need to Know about Abuse and Neglect (C 1284-05) No grandparent likes to imagine a grandchild being mistreated. But the reality is that children who live in a chaotic home, where chronic problems like family violence or substance abuse take place, a…
Granulate Ambrosia Beetle: Biology and Management (C 1160) Granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Mot.), is a serious pest of woody trees and shrubs in Georgia. The insect was previously known as the Asian ambrosia beetle. These tiny beetles we…
Grape Sour Rot (C 1212) Although grape sour rot can occur in drier climates, the disease complex tends to be especially problematic during wine grape ripening in wet, humid regions. Browning and disintegrating berries and th…
Grasscycling: Let the Clippings Fall Where They May (C 1031) Grasscycling is the natural recycling of grass clippings by leaving them on the lawn after mowing. Grasscycling saves time, effort and, when done properly, is good for the environment and health of th…
Gray Leaf Spot in Georgia Turfgrass: Identification and Control (C 1116) In the state of Georgia, gray leaf spot (GLS) primarily affects St. Augustinegrass (Stenotaphrum secundatum) and is particularly chronic and damaging in the coastal area of the state. This publication…
Grazing Impacts on Pasture Composition (B 1243) Much attention has been placed on the potential negative environmental impacts of grazing; however, grazing can be a powerful tool for improving pasture health and productivity. Grazing diminishes the…
Great Plants Under 20 Feet for Small Spaces (C 999) Well-chosen small trees and shrubs can provide privacy from your neighbors, separation from a road with heavy traffic or a screen to hide unattractive areas. By selecting plants that mature to a heigh…
Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Irrigation and Technology Assessment (B 1275) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with fa…
Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Management Assessment (B 1276) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with fa…
Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Quality Assessment (B 1277) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with fa…
Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Recycling and Water Reuse Assessment (B 1278) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with fa…
Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Source Use and Expansion Assessment (B 1274) The Greenhouse*A*Syst publication Series has been developed to assist greenhouse owners with the task of assessing three management issues: Water management, Environmental Risk and Business Profitabil…
Greenhouse*A*Syst Series: Water Use Regulation, Legislative Awareness and Company Water Policy Assessment (B 1279) The Greenhouse*A*Syst series of publications is a confidential self-assessment program you can use to evaluate your greenhouse business for risks associated with water management issues. Armed with fa…
Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation (B 792) This publication contains comprehensive, in-depth information about heating, cooling and ventilating greenhouses.
Ground Covers for Shaded Landscapes in North Georgia (C 1238) This circular discusses the most common ground covers, both native and non-native plants, that are suitable for culture in North Georgia landscapes in shaded areas.
Growing African Violets (C 660) African violets are now among the most popular indoor plants. They are easy to grow and offer a wealth of beautiful flowers.
Growing Bamboo in Georgia (B 1357) This booklet is written in an attempt to filter through much of the available information and make a simple, user-friendly information guide on growing bamboo in Georgia, which has a wide variety of s…
Growing Bigleaf Hydrangea (C 973) Bigleaf hydrangea, also called French, Japanese, or snowball hydrangea, is a landscape plant. Bigleaf hydrangea can be transplanted to the landscape for repeat blooms each year.
Growing Dogwoods (C 900) One of the most widely planted ornamental trees in Georgia is the flowering dogwood. Dogwoods are not difficult to grow if they are located in the proper site and if healthy trees are purchased and pl…
Growing Ferns (B 737) Ferns became popular indoor plants during the Victorian Era. Today, they are used as specimens in atriums, greenhouses and conservatories, and we find them in the smallest apartments and the largest h…
Growing Hostas (C 955) Hostas are quickly becoming one of the most popular perennial plants grown in our landscapes. Sometimes referred to as plantain lilies, hostas are reliable plants for both shade and partial sun situat…
Growing Indoor Plants with Success (B 1318) Interior plants are an ideal way to create attractive and restful settings while enhancing our sense of well being. In addition, houseplants can be a satisfying hobby and can help purify the air in ou…
Growing Southern Magnolia (C 974) Southern magnolia is an aristocratic tree. It grows well throughout Georgia, is widely adaptable to a variety of soils and has few pest problems. With glossy evergreen foliage and large white fragrant…
Growing Sunflowers in the Home Garden (C 1121) Sunflowers can be an important addition to the home garden due to their ability to attract beneficial insects as well as serve as a trap crop. Sunflowers also provide a nutritional, edible crop high i…
Growing Vegetables Organically (B 1011) This publication is a comprehensive guide to growing vegetables organically, including location, planning, irrigation, soil preparation, composting, fertilizers, successive planting and crop rotation,…
Guide for Interpreting Nematode Assay Results (C 834) This publication is designed to help county agents, Extension specialists and growers formulate and implement nematode management recommendations after sending a soil sample and receiving a nematode a…
Guidebook for Prescribed Burning in the Southern Region (B 1560) This 220-page Extension publication was written with landowners in mind. Whether you started burning with your grandparents as a toddler, or you’ve never held a drip torch, the Guidebook for Prescribe…
Guidelines for On-Site Use of Scrap Wallboard in Georgia Residential Construction (C 857) This publication discusses the use of scrap wallboard at residential construction sites.
Guidelines for Prospective Contract Hatching Egg Producers (B 1214) Producing more than 8 billion pounds of chicken meat requires the support of hatching egg producers. Hatching egg production is a very different business from broiler meat production, as it requires d…
Guidelines for the Four Rs of Fertilizer Management in Horticultural Crops (B 1531) Excessive fertilization does not equate to greater crop yields. Crop yields are optimized when nutrients are efficiently used, which requires fertilizer applications to be based on the right source, t…
Guidelines for Using Feeds Containing Aflatoxin in Dairy Rations (SB 57) Aflatoxin is formed in stressed plants by the mold Aspergillius flavus. The mycotoxin is produced by an actively growing mold. The mold can be present without mycotoxin formation or the mycotoxin may …
Haiti Peanut Research Report (B 1499) This report summarizes the findings of field trials and basic data collected in Haiti under the Feed the Future Peanut & Mycotoxin Innovation Lab project from 2014-2017. The focus of the research was …
Halter Training Beef Cattle (C 1207) If you or someone you know is planning to halter train beef cattle, remember that the calf must be coached—it will not instinctively know what to do. Good coaching equals better results. This circular…
Hazardous Household Products: What's in Your House? (C 1051) Our homes are filled with potentially hazardous household products we use for cleaning, gardening, auto maintenance and other activities around the house. These products may contain ingredients that c…
Health Insurance: What You Should Know About Preventive Health Care (C 1120) This circular provides a brief overview of health insurance and common terms associated with health insurance. The publication focuses on preventive health care, specifically common preventive health …
Healthy Homes: Dealing with Household Clutter (C 1067) Clutter is a collection of things lying around in an untidy mess, usually because we don't have a designated place for it. Household clutter has a big impact on your health and quality of life. This p…
Heat Detection Strategies for Dairy Cattle (B 1212) When the time comes to examine a herd's dairy reproductive management program, producers often want to discuss low conception rates. In most cases, however, inadequate heat detection is the much great…
Heat Pump Dehumidification During the Curing of Flue-Cured Tobacco (RB 439) A study was conducted in order to investigate the incorporation of dehumidification into the curing cycle of flue-cured tobacco. Multiple cures of cultivar K326 flue-cured tobacco were made over three…
Hedge Pruning Pecan Trees in the Southeastern U.S. (B 1557) As pecan trees grow in an orchard, their tree canopies encroach upon one another, causing excessive shading, which can increase alternate bearing intensity and reduce tree health and orchard profitabi…
Help for Homeowner Associations: Your County Extension Agent Has Answers (C 1175) Homeowner associations strive to provide attractive and functional landscapes for HOA members. Your county Cooperative Extension agent is a valuable collaborator in this quest. UGA Extension agents ca…
Herbicide Injury of Pecan Trees (C 1146) Georgia pecan orchards are often found growing adjacent to fields of annual row crops, timber, and pastures. As a result, the tree canopies of these orchards are susceptible to injury from herbicide d…
Herbs in Southern Gardens (B 1170) Growing herbs - both annuals and perennials - is simple and rewarding. A wide variety of herbs can grow in most parts of the United States. Those featured in this publication grow well in the Deep Sou…
Herd Bull Management: Pre-Breeding Period (C 1062) The pre-breeding period (2 months prior to breeding) is essential for preparing bulls for a successful breeding season. This is particularly important for yearling bulls as they are still growing and …
Hiring a Tree Care Service (C 1098) Healthy trees add to property value and have many ecological benefits. Hiring a tree care service is an important decision. The work is often dangerous for the workers and if not properly done, can …
Hobby Greenhouses (B 910) The gardener who has a greenhouse can extend or intermingle the seasons at will. Whether you wish to build your own greenhouse from scratch or purchase a prefabricated structure ready for assembly, th…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Animals and Honey Bees (SB 48-03) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers external parasite control in companion animals, flea control products, and honey bee disease and pest control. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edi…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Aquatic Environments (SB 48-04) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers external parasite control in aquatic environments, including fishery chemicals, aquatic weed control, response to herbicides, restrictions, and calcula…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Home Fungicide Guide (SB 48-06) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers fungicides for use in and around your home. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based o…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Home Orchard (SB 48-05) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers pest control in home orchards, including apples, peaches, bunch grapes, muscadines, strawberries, blueberries, and other fruits. Beginning in 2022, the…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Household and Stored Products (SB 48-07) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers household and structural insect control, tips for hiring a professional pest control company, and management of excess moisture that attracts and susta…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Introduction and Table of Contents (SB 48-01) Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing a product based on a first-year recommendation of the Handbook, check the current product label before purchas…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Organic Strategies for the Garden and Home Landscape (SB 48-09) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers organic gardening practices. The USDA National Organic Program has established rules for commercial organic production. These rules do not apply to hom…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Ornamentals (SB 48-10) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers pest control in ornamentals, such as indoor plants, flowers, shrubs, and ground covers. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated b…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Pesticide Emergencies, Frequently Asked Questions, and Other Useful Information (SB 48-02) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers what to do in the event of a pesticide emergency, important contacts such as poison control, frequently asked pesticide questions, abbreviations and eq…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Public Health Insect Control Outdoors and Parasites of Humans (SB 48-08) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers pests of public health concern such as mosquitoes, bed bugs, gnats, fleas and ticks, house flies, lice, and more. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden …
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Turf (SB 48-11) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers insect, disease, and weed control in home turfgrass. Care should be taken when using insecticides around any flowering plants when bees are actively fo…
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vegetables (SB 48-12) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers insect, weed, and disease control in home garden vegetables. Beginning in 2022, the Home & Garden Edition has been updated biennially. When purchasing …
Home & Garden Georgia Pest Management Handbook Series: Vertebrate Pest Control (SB 48-13) This section of the Home & Garden Edition covers control of vertebrate pests such as beavers, chipmunks, deer, and bats, as well as repellents and how to manage reptiles, amphibians and birds. Note th…
Home Emergency Preparedness Checklist (B 1428-1) A two-page checklist of the basic list of supplies you should have ready for emergencies. Keep the items you will most likely need during an evacuation in an easy-to-carry, waterproof container. Be mi…
Home Emergency Preparedness Handbook (B 1428) Communities across Georgia are subject to a number of potential disasters such as fires, flooding, severe storms, earthquakes, dam failures, tornados and hurricanes. While we all hope that such occurr…
Home Fruit Orchard Pruning Techniques (C 1087) This circular is a compilation of pruning techniques for apple, pear, peach, blackberry, blueberry, grapes, and pomegranate. Included are tools for pruning, definitions and descriptions of terms used …
Home Garden Series: Disease Management in the Home Vegetable Garden (C 862) Plant diseases can be a significant problem in home gardens. Most vegetables are susceptible to a number of diseases. Home gardeners can reduce the occurrence of many diseases with sound cultural prac…
Home Garden Series: Garlic Production for the Gardener (C 854) This publication gives gardeners tips to successfully produce garlic.
Home Garden Series: Georgia Homegrown Tomatoes (B 1271) This publication discusses the basics of growing tomatoes successfully, as well as avoiding common problems encountered by the home gardener.
Home Garden Series: Growing Cucumbers in the Home Garden (C 1034) Cucumbers are one of the most popular crops in today's home garden. This publication helps you to select the varieties to suit your needs.
Home Garden Series: Growing Home Garden Sweet Corn (C 905) Sweet corn is not difficult to grow and, by following the cultural guidelines provided in this publication, you too can enjoy this sweet delicacy.
Home Garden Series: Growing Rutabagas in the Home Garden (C 942) Rutabagas are a cool-season root crop that can be produced in the spring or fall.
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Apples (C 740) Apples are adapted to most areas of Georgia. Although the northern half of the state is best suited for the more "conventional" apple varieties, you can have success in the southern half of Georgia wi…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Asparagus (C 1026) For gardeners who are willing to put in a little effort and have some patience, asparagus can be a rewarding and delicious vegetable to grow. This publication explains how to grow asparagus in a home …
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Blueberries (C 946) Under good management, the native Georgia rabbiteye blueberry bushes will produce some fruit the second or third year after transplanting. By the sixth year they will yield as much as 2 gallons each a…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Broccoli (C 1022) Broccoli is a cool-weather vegetable that can easily be grown in the garden in early spring or fall. Broccoli belongs to the Brassica family. Research shows that plants from this family are extremely …
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Brussels Sprouts (C 1069) Brussels sprouts belong to the cole crop family, which includes cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and several leafy greens. The name Brussels comes from the city Brussels, Belgium, where the vegetable f…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Bunch Grapes (B 807) Bunch grapes are often called “pod” grapes in rural Georgia since they produce large clusters of fruit. Georgia's climate is not well-suited to home garden production of European bunch grapes, but Ame…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Cauliflower (C 1023) Cauliflower is a cool season vegetable that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, and is sometimes considered one of the more difficult vegetables to grow in the home garden. For those gardeners who hav…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Eggplant (C 1028) Eggplant (Solanum melongena) was introduced into the United States by Thomas Jefferson, who brought this heat-loving member of the Solanaceus family from Europe. While the original eggplants actually …
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Figs (C 945) Most people are fond of figs. They are tasty and can be eaten fresh, preserved, or used for baking and making desserts. Figs will do well in most parts of Georgia except the mountainous areas.
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Green Beans (C 1006) Green beans are one of the most popular vegetables for the home garden. Fortunately, they are easy to grow as well. This short publication provides basic information on growing green beans in the home…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Lettuce (C 1018) Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is a cool-season vegetable that can be planted in early fall or early spring in Georgia. This publication discusses growing lettuce in the home garden.
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Muscadines (C 949) Muscadines are truly a fruit for the south. Although muscadines can be grown successfully in most parts of the state, they are best adapted to the Piedmont and Coastal Plain areas.
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Okra (C 941) Okra is a Southern staple in the home garden and at the dinner table and can be grown throughout the state of Georgia. This vegetable is both easy and fun to grow and can be used in many different cul…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Peaches (C 1063) Growing peaches and other fruit trees in Georgia and the southeastern United States is challenging. Peaches are not native to North America; however, many cultivars have been developed for our area, a…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Pears (C 742) Pears are adapted to nearly all of Georgia. It is not uncommon to find trees as much as 50 years old that are still producing fruit.
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Peppers (C 1005) The rich, full flavor and freshness of a home-grown pepper just picked from the bush are the gardener's reward for growing their own peppers. Fortunately, the most popular pepper varieties are easy to…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Persimmons (C 784) Many of the numerous species of persimmon can be grown in Georgia. Our native persimmon, Diospyros virginiana, is found from Florida north to Connecticut, west to Iowa and south to Texas. This publica…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Plums (B 1518) This bulletin offers information about plum production, pruning, thinning, fertilization, and variety selection in the home garden. Plums belong to the Prunus genus and consists of many species of dif…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Potatoes (C 1011) This publication discusses selecting the right types of potatoes, proper planting, maintenance and troubleshooting problems.
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Raspberries and Blackberries (C 766) Blackberries and raspberries are one of the most popular fruits to grow and they are among the easiest for the home gardener to successfully produce. Blackberries and raspberries come as erect types (…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Strawberries (C 883) Strawberry beds need a small area that receives full sun most or all day to get started. Strawberries will grow well in many types of soil, but the most desirable soil is fertile, medium-light in text…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Sweet Potatoes (C 1014) Georgia is the perfect place to grow sweet potatoes (Ipomea atatas). Sweet potatoes are considered a long season crop and Georgia's long, hot summers allow them to grow and mature well here. You might…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Swiss Chard (C 1039) This publication briefly explains how to grow Swiss chard in the home garden, including soil preparation, planting, culture and fertilization, harvesting, storing and using, problems and a list of sug…
Home Garden Series: Home Garden Watermelon (C 1035) This publication discusses growing watermelon in the home garden, including transplanting, starting seeds, soil preparation, culture and fertilization, harvesting, storage and use, and problems. It al…
Home Garden Series: Home Gardening (B 577) This publication explains everything you need to know about growing a successful home vegetable or herb garden, including location and planning, soil preparation, choosing what to plant and how to ten…
Home Garden Series: Homegrown Summer and Winter Squash (C 993) Squash are very nutritious, have high fiber content and are high in vitamins A and C. Squash are not difficult to grow. This publication gives information on type selection, planting, harvesting and s…
Home Garden Series: Using Cover Crops in the Home Garden (C 1057) Cover crops can be an important component to any home garden. They are used for various reasons, including building the soil, controlling soil erosion, and limiting the initiation and spread of certai…
Home Garden Series: Vegetable Garden Calendar (C 943) The recommendations in this circular are based on long-term average dates of the last killing frost in the spring and first killing frost in the fall. Every year does not conform to the "average," so …
Home Maintenance Checklist (C 1082) Just like your personal health, your home's health will decline without regular care and maintenance. Maintaining a healthy indoor environment helps increase your quality of life and the life of your …
Home Safety Checklist (B 1429) Falls are the leading cause of injury and injury death for people 65 and older. Trips and falls may be caused by a number of potential hazards, including clutter, rugs, furniture, and extension cords.…
Homegrown Cabbage (C 1218) Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitate) is a cool-season vegetable that is a member of the cole crop family. There are several types of cabbages available to grow, and they can all be eaten raw or c…
Homegrown Carrots (C 1232) Homegrown carrots have a unique freshness and juiciness to them and are much more flavorful than their store-purchased counterparts. This publication covers the basics of how to select and grow carrot…
Homegrown Pumpkins (C 1206) While pumpkins are edible and grown for both their flesh and seeds, they are more commonly used as fall decorations. This member of the cucurbit family can be found in a variety of shapes, sizes, and …
Honey Bee Swarms and Bees in Walls (C 824) This circular is for property owners who have unwanted honey bee swarms on their lands or colonies nesting inside walls. It explains these natural processes and gives options for dealing with them.
Honey Bees and Beekeeping (B 1045) Honey bees are commonly kept in artificial hives throughout the United States, and a large and sophisticated beekeeping industry provides valuable honey, beeswax and pollination services. A large sect…
Hophornbeam Copperleaf Identification and Control in Peanut (C 882) Hophornbeam copperleaf has become an increasing problem in agricultural fields throughout Georgia. It can occur at densities that have the potential to reduce yields and influence harvest efficiency. …
Horn Fly Control to Increase Productivity in Dairy Heifers (B 1474) The implementation of horn fly control measures, such as aerosols, bait, strips, foggers, dust bags, traps, oilers, ear tags, pour-ons, natural predators, and insect growth regulators is instrumental …
Hort Management: For Landscape Managers (B 1261) HORT Management is an allied program for estimating landscape management costs. This program assists the user in estimating labor, material and equipment costs on a particular job, a break-even price,…
Hort Scape: For Landscape Installers (B 1317) Hort Scape streamlines the bidding process once the user builds a coded database of plants, including common and botanical names, plant sizes, plant costs, and per plant installation costs. Then, usin…
Household Water Quality Series: Arsenic in Your Water (C 858-12) Arsenic in your drinking water poses a threat to your health. Since private systems are more susceptible to arsenic than public water systems, private well owners should take steps to guard their heal…
Household Water Quality Series: Coliform Bacteria in Your Water (C 858-7) This publication contains information about identifying and controlling coliform bacteria in household water.
Household Water Quality Series: Corrosive or Scaling Water (C 858-9) Corrosiveness or scaling is an inherent property of some groundwater and is related to the type of rocks or sediments in contact with the groundwater. Corrosion is caused when water reacts with and di…
Household Water Quality Series: Disinfecting Your Well Water: Shock Chlorination (C 858-4) Shock chlorination is the process by which home water systems such as wells, springs, and cisterns are disinfected using household liquid bleach (or chlorine). Shock chlorination is the most widely re…
Household Water Quality Series: Home Water Quality and Treatment (C 858-3) The quality of your water supply can have both an immediate and a prolonged effect on the health of your household. Many Americans, especially those dependent upon well water, assume that their water …
Household Water Quality Series: Household Water Treatment Techniques and Devices: Activated Carbon Filtration (B 1542) Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal, is usually produced from charcoal in granular or powdered form. It is a form of carbon that has been processed (activated) to make it highly porous, w…
Household Water Quality Series: Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfate (C 858-8) This publication describes hydrogen sulfide and sulfate and its effects on household water quality.
Household Water Quality Series: Iron and Manganese (C 858-11) Elevated levels of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are two of the most common water quality problems in Georgia's groundwater. This circular addresses problems associated with high levels of these two el…
Household Water Quality Series: Lead and Copper (C 858-10) Private wells are exclusively supplied by groundwater. The source waters for most public water systems in south Georgia (and some in north Georgia) are also supplied by groundwater. Generally, lead an…
Household Water Quality Series: Mercury in Your Water (C 858-13) Mercury in your drinking water poses a threat to your health. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set the current standard for mercury in drinking water at 2 parts per billion (ppb). Th…
Household Water Quality Series: Nitrate and Nitrite in Water (C 858-5) Private well owners are responsible for the safety of their drinking water. Maintaining a healthy well requires routine testing for possible contaminants, including nitrate and nitrite. To assist in w…
Household Water Quality Series: Pesticides, Petroleum Products, and Other Organic Chemicals (C 858-6) Municipal water systems are required by law to be monitored for many contaminants found in pesticides, solvents, and petroleum products. However, if your water comes from a private well or from a syst…
Household Water Quality Series: Protecting Your Well and Wellhead (C858-1) If you are one of the many Americans who use groundwater for drinking, the proper protection of your well and wellhead is essential for the health of your family, yourself and your neighbors. This pub…
Household Water Quality Series: Radon in Your Water (C 858-16) Radon is a naturally occurring, radioactive gas formed from the decay of uranium and radium found in geologic deposits. Exposure to radon gas most commonly occurs through elevated levels in home air. …
Household Water Quality Series: Removal of Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfate (C 858-15) This publication explains how to identify and remove hydrogen sulfide and sulfate from household water.
Household Water Quality Series: Testing for Water Quality (C 858-2) The quality and safety of drinking water is of great concern to many Americans today because of an increased interest in health and environmental quality. This new focus on water quality has led many …
Household Water Quality Series: Uranium in Your Water (C 858-14) Uranium in your drinking water may be harmful to your health. If your water comes from a public system, it is routinely tested to ensure safe levels of uranium. If your source of household water is a …
Household Water Treatment: Disinfection Methods and Devices (B 1487) Pathogens in household waters pose a serious threat to human health. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have recorded many drinking water microbial-associated disease outbreaks in the…
Household Water Treatment: Mechanical Filtration Methods and Devices (B 1523) Mechanical filtration removes suspended solids and dirt to greatly improve the clarity of water. Various kinds of mechanical filtration methods and devices are available for home water treatments. Pri…
How to Control Citrus Leafminers (C 1145) Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is found in Georgia and states along the Gulf of Mexico. Leafminer damage to foliage can stunt the growth of young trees and make trees more susceptible to ci…
How to Convert an Inorganic Fertilizer Recommendation to an Organic One (C 853) Many farmers and gardeners use natural minerals and organic fertilizers rather than synthetic ones to build their soil. If you use organic materials as all or part of your fertilization program, this …
How to Feed a Horse: Understanding the Basic Principles of Horse Nutrition (B 1355) With so many feed, supplement and hay choices available, many people find themselves wondering exactly what their horse needs for good health and nutrition. Many horse-feeding opinions and myths make …
How to Generate Income on 20 Acres or Less (B 1551) The idea of producing your own food in a clean, controlled environment is very appealing. While dreams may be big, careful research and planning should be done prior to jumping into any farm venture. …
How to Get Out of Debt (C 1045) Learn about types of credit, how to assess your situation if you are in debt, and how to make power payments to get out of debt fast. Getting out of debt helps financial security and planning for the …
How to Improve Your Percent Calf Crop (C 672) The number of calves sold is a major source of income from a cow/calf operation. A high percent calf crop increases profit. Reproductive efficiency is the first factor to consider in a breeding progra…
How to Set Up a Post-Emergence Directed and Shielded Herbicide Sprayer for Cotton (B 1069) Even with today's technology, it is critical that growers use directed herbicides in their cotton crop to improve coverage of weeds hiding under the cotton canopy. Precision applications maximizing sp…
How to Start a Community Garden: Getting People Involved (B 1399) Community gardening involves cultivating people and relationships, as well as the soil. There are many ways to start a community garden. The four steps included in this publication provide guidance an…
How Wetlands Benefit Georgia Agriculture (B 1519) Many people view wetlands as “wastelands,” having few virtues. But it is now known that wetlands provide many useful services, from improving water quality to providing habitat for important fish and …
How You Spend Makes a Difference (C 1044) The average family can increase the money available for spending by as much as 20 percent just by paying more attention to where their money goes. Learn tips on how to determine where your money goes …
Hunting Billbug: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1173) Hunting billbug, Sphenophorous venatus vestitus (Family: Curculionidae) is an important weevil pest of turfgrass in Georgia. It’s called a “billbug” because of its long snout, or bill, which has small…
Hurricane and Wind Damage to Trees and Shrubs in Nurseries (C 1149) Damage to perennial woody trees and shrubs caused by hurricanes or high wind events is often not initially apparent. In some cases, it can take months or even years to manifest, despite plants looking…
Identification and Control of Fusarium Head Blight (Scab) of Wheat in Georgia (C 1066) Fusarium Head Blight (FHB), also called scab, is a devastating disease that is emerging in Georgia wheat fields. This publication contains important information on the biology of the causal agent, and…
Identification and Control of Leaf Rust of Wheat in Georgia (C 1060) Wheat leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina (formerly known as Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici), is often a destructive foliar disease of wheat in the state of Georgia. Rust fungi in wh…
Identification and Control of Microdochium (Fusarium) Patch in Turfgrass in Georgia (C 1265) This publication contains information on Microdochium patch, an emerging disease in the state of Georgia. This circular contains the biology of the causal agent, as well as a detailed description of t…
Identification and Control of Powdery Mildew of Wheat in Georgia (C 1059) Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (syn. Erysiphe graminis) is an obligate, host specific fungus that attacks wheat exclusively. The pathogen reduces photosynthesis and increas…
Identification and Control of Rhizoctonia Large Patch in Georgia (C 1088) Rhizoctonia large patch is the most common and severe warm season grass disease in Georgia and the United States as a whole. This publication contains important information on the biology of the causa…
Identification and Control of Spring Dead Spot in Georgia (C 1012) Spring dead spot (SDS) is a persistent and destructive disease of bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) in Georgia. The disease can be problematic on lawns, landscapes, golf courses (bermudagrass greens, tees an…
Impact of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) on Reproduction in Cattle (B 1422) Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), commonly referred to as “Rednose,” is a disease resulting from bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). The detriment of the disease, as well as the positive benefit…
Impacts of the Great Recession and Drought on the Environmental Horticulture Industry (C 1119) The environmental horticulture industry, unlike many industries, is intricately connected to the national, regional, and local economy as plant and turfgrass sales ebb and flow with economic condition…
Implanting Beef Cattle (B 1302) Implanting nursing calves with a growth stimulant is one of the most economically justifiable practices available in the beef industry. Implants have been shown to increase weaning weights of nursing …
Importance of Grit Removal from Commercial Shell Egg Processing Wastewater (B 1402) This publication is designed to give commercial egg processors the information they need to understand and effectively deal with the wastewater grit generated from the conveying, washing and grading o…
Improving Artificial Insemination Techniques (B 1325) Using incorrect A.I. techniques can lower the overall success rate of the A.I. breeding program. Most producers learned correct semen handling techniques and insemination procedures at one time; unfor…
Improving Dairy Heifer Reproductive Management (B 1235) Reproductive management of dairy heifers is one area in which many dairy producers can improve. Heifers are the most fertile animals in a herd and should have the greatest genetic potential. Dairy pro…
Improving the Condition of Your Drinking Water Well (B 1152-03) About 95 percent of Georgia's rural residents depend on groundwater to supply their drinking water and farm needs. Wells are designed to provide clean water. If improperly constructed and maintained, …
Income Tax Deduction on Timber and Landscape Trees Loss from Casualty (C 1137) Linda Wang, National Timber Tax Specialist, USDA Forest Service Timber or landscape trees destroyed by the hurricane, fire, earthquake, ice, hail, tornado, and other storms are “casualty losses” that…
Industrial Hemp Production in Georgia (B 1530) With the passage of the 2018 Agriculture Improvement Act (U.S. farm bill), the federal government removed industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from the list of Schedule I drugs and opened up opportuni…
Initial Steps for Detecting Plant-Parasitic Nematode Problems in Vegetables (C 1126) Detection of damaging nematode infestations may allow growers to significantly increase crop productivity and profitability. It is imperative that growers test their soil to determine which nematode s…
Insect and Arthropod Pests of Southeastern Neighborhoods (B 1412) This publication is a guide to 110 common pest insects found in and around the home, including prevention and treatment options.
Insect Identification Guide for Southeastern Landscapes (B 1409) This publication contains photos and descriptions to help identify pests in Southeastern landscapes. Beneficial and pest insects are both included. NOTE: This publication is designed with tabs and cut…
Insect Pests of Non-bearing Pecan Trees (C 1228) As Georgia's pecan production acreage has increased, reports of insect pests that attack younger, less established trees have also increased, particularly infestations by pecan bud moth and ambrosia b…
Insecticide Basics for the Pest Management Professional (B 1352) This publication will educate pest management professionals about pesticides and instill vigilance in their handling and use. In order to understand how to use chemical pest control products responsib…
Insecticide Resistance Management for Diamondback Moth in Cole Crops (C 899) The diamondback moth is a common pest of crops including cabbage, collards, turnip greens, mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower and other leafy greens. This insect has a long history of becoming res…
Insurance: Necessity or Nuisance? (C 1111) If you need a particular type of insurance, it is better to have it even if you never use it. The hard part is knowing the difference between insurance you need and insurance you are better off withou…
Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Built-Financial Capital: The Promise and Potential of Community Development and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-6) Built-financial capital refers to the constructed environment (or infrastructure) and economic resources needed to support community activities and sustain successful community development. Considerin…
Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Cultivating Connections: Social Capital and Community and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-1) Social capital refers to resources resulting from relationships and networks within a community. These resources include the established expectations and practices (or norms) that shape the behavior o…
Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Cultural Capital: Strengthening Community Identity and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-5) Cultural capital refers to the resources that make up a community’s tangible and intangible creative assets. Tangible assets can include historical buildings, sites, and other structures, as well as l…
Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Human Capital: Developing Communities by Investing in People and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-4) People represent one of the most important local assets available to a community. While a collection of individuals is needed to start and maintain a community, growth and prosperity largely depend on…
Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Natural Capital: The Foundation of Community Development and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-2) Natural capital refers to a community’s environmental resources, such as air, water, land, forests, vegetation, minerals, fossil fuels, local animal populations, and all other natural resources. These…
Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit Series: Political Capital: Power and Influence in Community Development and Introducing the CD+SI Toolkit (B 1547-3) Political capital can increase communities’ productive capacity by helping them and their residents achieve specific goals that would be unattainable without it. Political capital refers to the power …
Introduction to Wine Grape Trellising, Training, and Pruning Terms (C 1162) There are many ways to manage grapevine growth, and many grape-growing regions implement unique and preferred training methods. Vine growth management is achieved by applying a trellising system, whic…
Ips Bark Beetles in the Southeastern U.S. (C 1132) David R. Coyle, A. Brady Self, James D. Floyd, and John J. Riggins Four species of Ips bark beetles (also commonly known as Ips engraver beetles or Ips beetles) occur throughout pure and mixed pine f…
Iron (Manganese) and Sulfur Bacteria in Your Well Water (B 1457) Presence of bacteria in your drinking water supply does not necessarily pose a health hazard. Certain types of bacteria in household water are more of a nuisance issue. Your water may test negative fo…
Irrigating Tobacco (B 892) This publication is a comprehensive guide to irrigation methods for tobacco in Georgia.
Irrigation for Lawns and Gardens (B 894) In order to maintain a lush, green lawn and productive garden, supplemental water in the form of irrigation is often needed during peak water use periods. Two basic types of irrigation are suitable fo…
Irrigation Pumping Plant Performance (C 965) Irrigation pumping plant performance can be easily determined in the field with a few simple calculations. Standard figures can reasonably be expected from well-designed, well-maintained systems.
Irrigation Pumping Plants and Energy Use (B 837) Energy inputs for irrigation pumping frequently exceed the energy used for all other crop production practices. This fact, coupled with rapidly increasing fuel and energy costs, causes irrigation farm…
Irrigation Reference Guide for Corn, Cotton, Peanuts, and Soybeans (C 1189) A farm’s return on investment is directly affected by the way water is applied to its crops. The wrong end-gun settings can result in overwatering or underwatering large portions of field acres. Clogg…
Irrigation Scheduling Methods (B 974) To schedule irrigation for most efficient use of water and to optimize production, it is desirable to frequently determine the soil water conditions throughout the root zone of the crop being grown. A…
Irrigation Water Quality for Agriculture (B 1448) With growing demands for potable (suitable for drinking) water (due to population increase) and expanding irrigated acreage, there is an increased pressure on irrigated farms to consider using nonpota…
Is My Tree Dying? (C 1100) This publication outlines a tree inspection process that will help the homeowner identity potential problems and more effectively discuss the tree's condition with an Extension agent or certified arbo…
Is Your Heifer Fit to Show? A Guide to Fitting and Showing Dairy Animals (B 1427) Every animal emerging from the pasture or barn needs time and attention to get her show-ring ready. The showman on the other end of the halter needs to be prepared as well. Faults in either fitting or…
Is Your Label Gluten Free? (B 1438) With the increased demand for “gluten-free” products in the market place, food processors and manufacturers have started to develop more and more better-tasting and nutritious food products that are a…
Japanese Beetles in the Nursery and Landscape (C 1167) The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera), as the name suggests, is native to Japan and was introduced to the U.S. through the transport of plant material. It is a high…
Japanese Maple Scale: A Nursery and Landscape Pest (C 1168) The Japanese maple scale (JMS), Lopholeucaspis japonica Cockerell, is an insect pest of Japanese maples and several other ornamental tree species. This insect sucks out plant juices using its piercing…
Johnsongrass Control in Pastures, Roadsides, and Noncropland Areas (B 1513) Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) is a warm-season perennial weed in pastures and roadsides throughout central and northern Georgia. Populations may germinate from seed in spring after overwintering in…
Joro Spider: Trichonephila clavata (C 1273) The Joro spider is native to East Asia and was first detected in Georgia in 2014. It is found in Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee, and is spreading to adjacent regions. It has on…
Junipers (C 956) Junipers are among one of the toughest plants for the landscape. Their hardy nature and drought tolerance make them ideal choices for many of our southern landscapes. It is impossible to generalize ab…
Keep Your Pets Safe Around Plants (C 1245) House and garden plants may be toxic to cats and dogs. This visual guide will help pet owners learn which plants are safe, as even common plants can be deadly.
Key to Diseases of Oaks in the Landscape (B 1286) This publication contains a guide to diseases of oak trees in the landscape.
Land Application of Livestock and Poultry Manure (C 826) This publication provides information on (1) the nutrient content of manures available for land application, (2) how to determine manure application rates and whether supplemental fertilizer will be n…
Land Application of Pulp Mill Lime Mud (B 1249) Lime mud is a by-product produced in pulp mills as part of the process that turns wood chips into pulp for paper. The pulp mill cooks wood chips with sodium hydroxide to extract the wood fiber used to…
Landscape Basics: Color Theory (B 1396) This publication explores color relationships in the landscape, ways of seeing plants in terms of color, and various ways to use color successfully in plant selection and landscape design and composit…
Landscape Basics: Crop Rotation and Cultural Practices Help Reduce Diseases in Seasonal Color Beds (B 1423) Landscape professionals must consider many factors when choosing the right flowering annuals to plant for a particular location. Primary considerations include high visual impact, consistent bloom for…
Landscape Basics: Designing a Quality Control Program for Your Company (B 1420) Well-groomed landscapes are often a result of considerable effort by landscape companies. Employees make them happen with routine care and, above all, attention to detail. A quality landscape and the …
Landscape Basics: Success with Herbaceous Perennials (B 1424) Whether in a commercial installation or residential garden, perennial plants can be successfully used to offer more landscaping choices, distinguish your firm from the competition and create a niche f…
Landscape Design Series: Choosing a Landscape Design Professional (C 1032-1) The landscape is a very important aspect of a home. Having a beautiful, creative and functional landscape requires some understanding of design principles, plant materials and outdoor structural eleme…
Landscape Design Series: Drawing a Landscape Plan - Site Analysis (C 1032-4) Designing a beautiful landscape for the home can be a very enjoyable and satisfying experience. With a little homework, a landscape plan is within reach of most homeowners. Before great ideas can beco…
Landscape Design Series: Drawing a Landscape Plan, The Base Map (C 1032-3) Preparing a landscape plan can be an enjoyable and satisfying experience if you do a little homework and follow a few guidelines. A simple landscape base map can be drawn without a computer, special s…
Landscape Design Series: Working with a Garden Designer (C 1032-2) Designing a landscape is much like designing the interior of a house. Colors, patterns and textures must be arranged in a manner that is functional and suits the taste of the owner. The one major diff…
Landscape Plants for Georgia (B 625) This publication includes a list of good plants for Georgia organized into various sizes and groups. The design qualities of plants—their form, size, color and texture—are emphasized according to the …
Lantana Lace Bug Biology and Management (C 1262) The lantana lace bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål (Tingidae: Hemiptera), is a serious pest of lantana (Lantana camara L.). Although lantana is regarded as an invasive weed both in the United States and…
Larger Canna Leafroller: A Major Insect Pest of Canna Lily (C 1233) An introduction to the larger canna leafroller, plus information on biology and management.
Lawns in Georgia: Establishment (B 1533-2) Turfgrass enhances the landscape in ways that can be particularly important in urban environments. Turf is one of the most effective plant covers to reduce soil erosion and surface runoff while rechar…
Lawns in Georgia: Selection and Species (B 1533-1) An attractive lawn adds beauty and value to any property and is one of the most versatile and functional plants in the landscape. Turf is one of the most effective plant covers to reduce soil erosion …
Leafspot Diagnosis and Management in Bermudagrass Forages (C 887) Bermudagrass leafspot is a disease that decreases yields, nutritive value and palatability. This publication discusses leafspot diagnosis and management in bermudagrass.
Leasing Smart in Georgia (C 1217) This publication offers guidance on shopping for rental housing, leasing, moving in, handling repairs, dealing with problems, paying rent, moving out, and fair housing. For more information about rent…
Leave it at the Door: A Guide to Reducing Contaminants in Your Home (C 1070) There may be insect fragments, lead dust, pesticides, pollen, dust mites, animal dander, hair, human skin flakes, fungal spores, or cigarette ash in household dust. Around 30 to 40 percent of the cont…
Lespedeza Identification and Control in Turfgrass (B 1395) This publication describes ways to identify and control Lespedeza in turfgrass, including cultural control methods, preemergence herbicides and postemergence herbicides.
Life Hacks for Wanna-be-Well-Adjusted 20-Somethings (C 1115) Graduating from college is a time of difficult transition for many young adults. This circular is a research-based guide giving practical tips to assist recent college graduates in transitioning to th…
Litter Quality and Broiler Performance (B 1267) Quality of chicks, feed and water are all of great concern to broiler producers, but quality of litter in broiler houses is seldom given sufficient emphasis. This is unfortunate because birds are in c…
Littleleaf Disease: Biology, Ecology, and Management in Southern Pines (B 1496) J. Holly Campbell and David R. Coyle, Southern Regional Extension Forestry Littleleaf disease is a forest health concern for several pine species in the southeastern United States. This disease is a …
Low-Volume Irrigation Systems for Blueberry with Chemigation and Fertigation Suggestions (B 1504) Drip, trickle, microemitters, and subsurface irrigation systems are considered low-volume irrigation. Low-volume irrigation systems are designed to improve irrigation efficiency, delivering water to t…
Macrocybe titans: Largest Mushroom Species in the Western Hemisphere Found Growing in Georgia (C 1033) This publication describes Macrocybe titans, the largest mushroom species in the Western Hemisphere, which has been found growing in Georgia.
Maintaining a Clean Water Trough for Cattle (C 1264) Clean water for cattle is important for animal health and production and water delivery systems require routine maintenance and monitoring.
Maintaining Commercial Citrus in Georgia (B 1520) Dooryard citrus has been grown in Georgia for decades, but growing citrus commercially is new to Georgia growers. This publication addresses problem prevention, maintenance, insects, diseases, and som…
Maintaining Good Egg Quality: A Guide for Small Producers (C 1230) The quality of an egg involves both the exterior and interior qualities of the egg. Egg quality includes the cleanliness of the shell, soundness of the shell, thickness of the albumen, and color of th…
Make Every Drop Count: Managing a Water-Wise Landscape (C 895-4) Water-wise landscapes not only save water, they save time by requiring less routine care than most traditional landscapes. This publication offers guidelines to help you achieve these goals and conser…
Make Every Drop Count: Proper Planting Results in Healthy, Water-Efficient Plants (C 895-3) Planting ornamental plants correctly increases their survivability and performance in the landscape, and it helps them develop a vigorous, healthy root system that increases their drought tolerance du…
Make Every Drop Count: Xeriscape - Seven Steps to a Water-Wise Landscape (C 895-1) A landscape designed, installed and managed according to Xeriscaping's seven steps uses up to 50% less water than a traditional landscape. And, a well-designed water-wise is just as attractive as a tr…
Management Guide for the Backyard Flock (C 969) This publication focuses on raising a small flock of chickens (50 or less) for meat and eggs (either for hatching or eating).
Management of Insects for Vegetable Production in Georgia, Part 1: Diamondback Moth and Pepper Weevil (C 1171) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZsrOFvQ-dc
Management of Insects for Vegetable Production in Georgia, Part 2: Whiteflies (C 1172) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MZuRBADMaVg
Management of Turfgrass Insect Pests and Pollinator Protection (C 1127) Turfgrass is an important component of many landscapes. Research has shown that landscapes support diverse, abundant, and intact bee communities in New York, California, and Ohio. In fact, the abundan…
Management Recommendations for Spotted Wing Drosophila in Organic Berry Crops (B 1497)
Management Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress, Prevent Mastitis and Improve Milk Quality in Dairy Cows and Heifers (B 1426) This publication describes management strategies to reduce heat stress, prevent mastitis and improve milk quality in dairy cows and heifers.
Managing Algal Blooms and the Potential for Algal Toxins in Pond Water (B 1445) Certain algae can cause serious problems when they become very abundant in drought, hot weather, unusual rainfall patterns, or after nutrient accumulation in pond water. Fortunately, most ponds do not…
Managing and Feeding Lactating Dairy Cows in Hot Weather (B 956) Hot and humid environmental conditions stress the lactating dairy cow and reduce intake of the nutrients necessary to support milk yield and body maintenance. In Georgia, weather conditions are suffic…
Managing Bermudagrass Stem Maggots (B 1484) This publication summarizes the latest and most relevant information regarding the management of the bermudagrass stem maggot (BSM), including biological, cultural, physical and chemical mitigation st…
Managing Endometritis in the Dairy Herd (B 1450) When it comes to managing a dairy herd, infections and inflammation of the cow's uterus can have negative implications for animal welfare, milk production, and rebreeding capacity. Maintaining uterine…
Managing Fish Ponds During Drought (SB 49) Dry weather tests pond design limits for water retention, watershed area and depth. Without adequate rainfall, ponds and the property around them lose value and the pond owner can lose the fish or hav…
Managing Fruit and Vegetable Waste (C 988) The production, harvest, sorting and packing of fruits and vegetables produces close to a billion pounds of produce annually. These processes also result in material that is rotten, has bad spots, or …
Managing Imported Fire Ants in Urban Areas (B 1191) Imported fire ants interfere with outdoor activities and harm wildlife throughout the southern U.S. Ant mounds are unsightly and may reduce land values. Although fire ants do prey on flea larvae, chin…
Managing Joro Spiders in the Landscape (C 1289) The publication gives basic biology and description, with images, of the spider's immature and adult forms, along with recommendations for managing them around the home. The Joro spider is a native of…
Managing Mastitis in Dairy Heifers to Improve Overall Herd Health (B 1416) Prevalence of mastitis in unbred, breeding-age and pregnant dairy heifers is higher than formerly realized. Infected mammary quarters, especially those with Staph. aureus IMI, exhibit reduced mammary …
Managing Mastitis through Proper Dry-Off Procedures (B 1447) Research has demonstrated that proper dry-off methods are vital in promoting udder health during the nonlactating period and at calving. For high producing cows, it may be necessary to decrease dietar…
Managing Organic Refuse: Options for Green Industry Professionals (C 982) This publication explains some of the options available to Green Industry professionals for dealing with these organic materials.
Managing Root-Knot Nematodes in Georgia Watermelons (B 1529) Root-knot nematodes are highly adaptable, obligate plant parasites (parasites that cannot reach adulthood without a host) that attack plant roots and establish a prolonged relationship with their host…
Managing the Pregnant Mare (B 1465) To have a successful equine breeding program, producers must be able to ensure delivery of a healthy foal while maximizing the health of the mare. The information in this bulletin is designed to provi…
Marketing Assistance Loans and Loan Deficiency Payments for Upland Cotton (C 1194) The Agricultural Act of 2018 (2018 U.S. Farm Bill) extended the cotton commodity loan programs for the 2019 through 2023 crop years. Cotton commodity loan programs include the marketing assistance loa…
Maximizing Poultry Manure Use through Nutrient Management Planning (B 1245) This publication provides current information about the appropriate application and most effective use of poultry fertilizer. It will also help poultry producers develop a simple nutrient management p…
Maximizing the Value of Georgia-Grown Satsumas Through Food Innovation (B 1561) Additional author: Emma Moore, Department of Food Science & Technology. Satsuma oranges are a fast-growing commodity in Georgia. Satsumas are natural and excellent sources of sugars, organic acids, so…
Maximum Ingredient Level Optimization Workbook for Estimating the Maximum Safe Levels of Feedstuffs (B 1469) New feed ingredients are evaluated and introduced to the feed industry every year. The evaluation process is necessary and includes feeding birds different levels of the test ingredient to estimate th…
Measuring Field Losses from Grain Combines (B 973) Harvest losses can rob you of profit from grain and bean production. Harvest losses of 10 percent or more are not unusual, when they should be in the 2 to 4 percent range. If you do not check losses b…
Measuring the Dry Matter Content of Feeds (SB 58) Adjust rations for the dry matter (DM) content of each feed, especially when wet feeds, such as silage, are fed. Small changes in the DM content will change the nutrient profile of the ration. The pot…
Meat Goat Production in Georgia (B 1168) Goats are the most widely-dispersed meat animals and have been raised for centuries to provide meat, milk, fiber, cashmere and leather. Due to their small size, adaptability to harsh environments and …
Metal Concentration Standards for Land Application of Biosolids and Other By-Products in Georgia (B 1353) This bulletin provides the general public a quick reference for some commonly used standards for metal concentrations in biosolids and various by-products intended for land application. Most of the st…
Methods of Irrigation Scheduling for Vegetable Production (C 1181) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dmj_7_FfZUA
Microalgae Utilization in Wastewater Treatment (B 1419) Low-energy input systems that utilize microalgae and the natural biological process of photosynthesis can drive efficient wastewater treatment systems. This publication describes the use of microalgae…
Millipedes and Centipedes (B 1088) Millipedes and centipedes do not carry diseases that affect people, animals or plants. Millipedes do occasionally damage seedlings by feeding on stems and leaves, and may enter homes in large numbers …
Mineral Supplements for Beef Cattle (B 895) Beef cattle require a number of minerals for optimal growth and reproduction. Selecting the correct mineral supplement is important for maintaining healthy animals, and optimal growth and reproduction…
Minor Fruits and Nuts in Georgia (B 992) Many types of fruits and nuts can be grown in Georgia due to our mild climate. This publication provides an outline of the culture and management of the exotic and uncommon fruits and nuts that can be…
Mislaid Egg Management in Cage-Free Hen Houses (C 1254) Researchers have investigated the issue of mislaid eggs in cage-free housing and the possibility of reducing the incidence of floor eggs through management of lighting, litter and bedding, and nesting…
Mite Management in Turfgrass (C 1178) Plant-feeding mites can cause serious damage in turfgrass systems, and drought-stressed turfgrass is particularly prone to mite infestation. Mites are generally active in turfgrasses from spring into …
Mite Vector of Rose Rosette Virus (C 1176) Rose rosette virus vectored by eriophyid mites can cause major problems for nurseries, landscapers, and gardeners alike. The spread of this mite and virus can cause serious damage to plants, decreasin…
Mold and Moisture Home Inspection Checklist (C 1083)
Mold, the Uninvited Guest Series: Preventing Mold in Your Home (C 1047-1) Mold in your home is not only unsightly, it can also cause health problems. If you have mold growing in your home, you may experience allergy-like symptoms, asthma attacks, or other negative health ef…
Mold, the Uninvited Guest Series: Removing Mold in Your Home (C 1047-2) Mold grows from spores, which are found naturally in the air and cannot be seen by the naked eye. Mold spores act like seeds, causing mold to grow under the right conditions. Mold itself is usually ea…
Mole Crickets in Turf (C 918) Mole crickets are serious pests of Georgia turf. Estimates of mole cricket losses in commercial, recreational and residential sod now exceed $20 million annually. Weather and soil conditions in Georgi…
Mortality Composting Basics for Poultry Producers (B 1408) Composting is an age-old practice that has been adapted as a means of daily animal mortality disposal and can be beneficial for the environment. This publication describes how to compost poultry morta…
Mortality Management Options for Georgia Poultry Producers (B 1244) Poultry production facilities must deal with the disposal of farm mortalities on a daily basis. Death loss in animal production is an unfortunate reality that requires appropriate handling to prevent …
Mosquito Biology and Behavior (C 1155) This circular provides concise and accurate information describing mosquito biology and behavior. The publication describes the history of mosquitoes in Georgia and ways to prevent mosquito-borne dise…
Mosquito Control Around the Home (C 1266) Mosquitoes are one of the most common insect pests that homeowners encounter. This circular introduces a few of the basic techniques and materials that homeowners can use to safely reduce mosquito pop…
Mouse Ear of Pecan (C 893) Mouse ear of pecan is a growth abnormality resulting from a deficiency of nickel in the pecan tree. Only recently, the discovery was made that mouse ear indicates a severe nickel deficiency. The disor…
Mulching Vegetables (C 984) Mulch should be easily obtained, inexpensive and simple to apply, although availability and cost vary from region to region. You can usually find mulching materials in your own yard, at garden centers…
Muscadine Grape Management (C 1303) This phenology-based muscadine grape management poster provides a reference for sound viticultural, disease, and insect management practices in a digestible format. Produced in cooperation with Univer…
Native Plants for Georgia Part I: Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines (B 987) This publication focuses on native trees, shrubs and woody vines for Georgia. It is not our intent to describe all native species — just those available in the nursery trade and those that the authors…
Native Plants for Georgia Part II: Ferns (B 987-2) There are about 12,000 species of ferns in the world today. Most are found in the tropics. Currently, Georgia is home to 36 genera, 119 species and 12 hybrid ferns. The list is constantly expanding as…
Native Plants for Georgia Part III: Wildflowers (B 987-3) This publication is a comprehensive guide to growing and identifying native wildflowers suitable for planting in Georgia. The term “wildflower” in this publication is a general term used to define bot…
Native Plants for Georgia Part IV: Grasses and Sedges (B 987-4) This publication describes and illustrates 48 grasses and 10 sedges native to Georgia. It is not the intent of the authors to describe all native grasses and sedges, but those that are most widespread…
Native Plants of North Georgia: A Photo Guide for Plant Enthusiasts (B 1339) This publication is intended to be a quick guide for plant enthusiasts of North Georgia. Each plant listing is accompanied by a photograph and a brief plant description. The description contains the c…
Native Plants, Drought Tolerance, and Pest Resistance (C 1122) Native plants are a great choice for Georgia landscapes. They provide food and habitat for native insects, birds, and other creatures and allow the gardeners to support local ecosystems. They are well…
Natural History Series: Copperhead (C 866-1) This publication discusses general aspects of the copperhead snake.
Natural History Series: Nine-Banded Armadillo (C 866-2) Scientists classify armadillos with anteaters and sloths. They have poorly developed teeth and limited mobility. Armadillos are considered both an exotic species and a pest.
New Native Little Bluestems (C 1081) Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) is a drought tolerant, low maintenance native plant. This ornamental, warm season perennial grass tolerates a wide range of soil conditions and is easily grow…
New Trial Tropical Container Gardens (B 1361) With increased urbanization, container gardens continue to enjoy popularity and brighten up patios and balconies. For many reasons, tropical plants have become a staple in container gardens traditiona…
Nitrate Toxicity (C 915) This publication summarizes the effect that high nitrates have on the animal, presents the conditions to expect in toxic concentrations of nitrates, and outlines strategies that could prevent or reduc…
Novel Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue (C 861) This publication outlines plant persistence and animal performance characteristics of novel endophyte-infected tall fescue and provides recommended pasture renovation practices.
Nuisance Myths and Poultry Farming (B 1299) This publication provides factual information about three common myths of poultry farming: that poultry farms will ruin the environment, that they smell, and that the air exhausted from poultry houses…
Nursery Crop Selection and Market Implications (B 1398) Each year, one of the first questions both seasoned and new nursery producers, managers and owners asks is, “What plants should be propagated and/or grown in the upcoming season(s)?” Answering this qu…
Nutrition for the Backyard Flock (C 954) Providing the right nutrition for your chickens means ensuring that what they eat supplies all of the essential amino acids, fatty acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water that they will ne…
Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders of Southeastern Beef Cattle (B 1503) In the Southeastern U.S., beef cattle producers focus on forage management and maximizing the grazing season. To that end, Southeastern cattle spend the vast majority of their lives either grazing or …
Nutritional Response Determination Optimization Workbook v. 1.0 (B 1468) An Excel workbook, Nutritional Response Determination Optimization (NuRDO). has been developed to simulate the optimal number or nutrient levels and replicates per level when planning nutritional requ…
Nutritional Response Models: A Workbook to Fit Data From Nutritional Experiments to Several Models (RB 440) This Excel workbook will allow you to fit data from nutritional experiments to several models. It includes a PowerPoint presentation that shows you how to use the Excel workbook to fit several regress…
Nutritional, Environmental and Cultural Disorders of Pecan (B 1332) Although many problems regarding pecan production result from pest or disease pressure, the crop may also be adversely affected by nutritional imbalances, nutrient deficiencies, or environmentally ind…
Oak Lecanium: An Insect Pest of Trees in Landscapes (C 1285) Oak lecanium, Parthenolecanium quercifex (Hemiptera: Coccidae), is a common soft scale insect pest of oak trees and other woody plants. They infest trees under high stress, such as those planted in pa…
Oat Diseases in Georgia: Identification and Control (C 1263) This publication contains information on the most important and common diseases of oats, the biology of the causal agents, as well as a detailed description of the disease symptoms, relevant up-to-dat…
Onion Production Guide (B 1198) This publication represents the latest information available on the commercial production of short-day onions in south Georgia.
On-Site Beneficial Use of Scrap Wallboard in Georgia Residential Construction (B 1223) As tipping fees have risen, interest has increased in finding alternative uses for construction wastes. Many homebuyers are also looking for environmentally sensitive building practices. This includes…
On-Site Reuse of Ground Wood Waste from Georgia Residential Construction (B 1294) Currently, most construction waste is put in dumpsters and taken to a construction and demolition (C&D) landfill. However, several residential construction wastes can be recycled or reused as part of …
Orange Felt (Orange Cane Blotch) of Blackberry (C 892) The orange felt (also known as orange cane blotch) disease of blackberry is prevalent in the south. Where ideal environmental conditions occur, this disease may girdle canes or exacerbate other cane d…
Orchard Sprayers (B 979) This publication contains comprehensive information about air blast and weed control sprayers for orchards.
Organic Cool-Season Vegetable Crop Rotations for the Southeast (B 1498) Interest in organic food has been growing over the past twenty years. In Georgia, growing conditions during the summer are particularly difficult for organic producers due to high insect, disease, and…
Organic Cover Crop Seed Production in Georgia (B 1436) Cover crops are in essential part of an organic production system. Cereal rye and crimson clover are cover crops that are commonly used. If organic cover crop production is a viable enterprise for gro…
Organic Pecan Production (B 1493) Organic food production is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the American food marketplace and is driven largely by personal health preferences and environmental ethics. Organic food sales in the …
Organic Poultry Production vs. Other Systems (C 1139) There are a number of different poultry production systems available today, and consumers commonly confuse organic poultry production with other systems. Pasture-raised poultry and natural poultry are…
Organic Vidalia Onion Production (C 913) This publication discusses organic Vidalia onion production in Georgia, from site selection and harvesting to certification.
Ornamental Plantings on Septic Drainfields (C 1030) Ornamental plantings can be attractive and beneficial options for the expanse of open ground designated for a septic drainfield. Properly chosen plants help manage moisture and nutrient levels in the …
Oxygen Depletion in Ponds (C 1048) Fish ponds may experience a loss of oxygen at any time of the year, depending on the weather and amount of nutrient enrichment the pond has received; however, most oxygen depletions occur in warm weat…
Packinghouse Environmental Monitoring Programs Series: Packinghouse Environmental Monitoring Programs: Identifying Packinghouse Zones (B 1524-1) Produce buyers are increasingly requiring their suppliers to establish environmental monitoring programs in their packinghouses to verify the sanitary conditions of handling facilities and equipment. …
Packinghouse Environmental Monitoring Programs Series: Using ATP, Protein, and Allergen Swabs (B 1524-3) As a part of a packinghouse environmental monitoring program, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), protein, and allergen swabbing is used to ensure that packinghouse equipment and surfaces have been properly…
Pampas Grass (C 983) Pampas grass is a large perennial grass native to Brazil, Argentina, and Chile. Mature plants can reach 10 feet tall and 6 feet wide. In late summer, silvery-white plumes rise several feet above the f…
Peach Orchard Establishment and Young Tree Care (C 877) Essential to successful peach tree culture is selection of a location that provides adequate sunlight, cold air drainage and water drainage.
Peanut Digger and Combine Efficiency (B 1087) Consumers demand wholesome, good-tasting peanuts and peanut products. Meeting this demand starts on the farm with growing and harvesting the cleanest and least-damaged peanuts. This publication explai…
Peanut Production Field Guide (B 1146) The peanut production guide includes varieties, agronomic practices, pest management, irrigation management, equipment maintenance, maturity, and harvest practices.
Peanut Response to Dicamba (C 1015) The objective of this publication is to provide county agents, peanut growers, crop consultants, agri-business personnel, etc. with information that can assist them in making appropriate management de…
Peanut Response to Grazon® P+D (C 1190) Grazon® P+D (picloram + 2,4-D) injury, diagnosed as leaf roll, is occasionally observed in Georgia peanut fields due to the presence of contaminated soil, forage, animal waste (manure/urine), and/or i…
Peanut Response to Liberty (C 1025) Liberty® (glufosinate-ammonium) has become a popular postemergence herbicide in Georgia due to its ability to control herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth when applied in a timely manner. However, the …
Peanut Yield Response to 2,4-D in Georgia (C 1036) This publication provides growers, county agents, crop consultants, etc. with information regarding peanut yield response to 2,4-D injury.
Pearl Millet for Grain (B 1216) Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.) has a long history of use as a summer grazing and hay crop in the southeastern U.S. The recent development of new, adaptable and productive grain pearl mi…
Pecan Management (C 1174) This circular is a calendar-based management reference for pecan production in the Southeastern U.S. It provides an easy-to-use graphical guide for management decisions regarding crop phenology, irrig…
Pecan Trees for the Home or Backyard Orchard (B 1348) Pecan trees are commonly found surrounding both urban and rural dwellings throughout Georgia. They can enhance the environment and provide additional income from the sale of nuts. This publication con…
Pecan Varieties for Georgia Orchards (C 898) The most fundamental step in pecan production is the selection of varieties or cultivars to be planted in the orchard. Planting the wrong pecan variety can be a costly mistake, resulting in considerab…
Pecan Water Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling (C 1106) Pecan trees have high water requirements, using as much as 60 inches of total water (including rainfall) during the growing season. Georgia receives an average of 50 inches or more of rainfall annuall…
Pen-size Optimization Workbook of Experimental Research Design (POWER for Poultry) (B 1417) This publication contains an Excel spreadsheet to help poultry producers calculate the ideal number of birds to group into pens based on their operations and goals.
Pesticide Safety for the Homeowner (C 998) By their nature, pesticides are hazardous and demand cautious handling. When they are used properly, however, pesticides improve the quality of our food supply, protect our health and increase our com…
Pesticide Storage and Mixing Facilities (B 1095) Most cases of groundwater contamination by agricultural chemicals have been caused by improper storage or mixing and loading chemicals. For this reason, agricultural chemical storage and handling prac…
Phony Peach Disease (C 1253) This fact sheet covers phony peach disease: History, symptoms, disease cycle, and management.
Pierce's Disease of Grape: Identification and Management (B 1514) Pierce’s disease (PD) may be the greatest threat to the growth and sustainability of wine grape industries in the Southeastern U.S. The first step to managing grapevine PD is understanding the threat …
Plant Propagation for the Home Garden Series: Starting Plants From Seed for the Home Gardener (B 1432) A number of plants, particularly vegetables, annuals, and herbs, can be grown from seed. There are many advantages to propagating plants from seed. This publication provides information on seed select…
Planting Guide for Row Crops in Georgia (C 813) This planting guide will help producers establish grasses and legumes commonly grown in Georgia.
Planting Guide to Grasses and Legumes for Forage and Wildlife in Georgia (C 814) This planting guide will help producers establish grasses and legumes commonly grown for forage and wildlife in Georgia.
Planting Your Bare-Root Fruit Tree (C 1061) Many fruit trees are purchased as bare-root trees. A bare-root tree is a dormant tree that has no soil or planting medium around the roots. Here are some tips on storing, planting, and caring for your…
Plum Curculio: An Incessant Pest of Peaches (C 1224) Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a key insect pest of peaches in the Southeast region of the United States. It is a snout beetle native to North America and is found east of the Rock…
Poisonous Plants in the Landscape (C 957) While most of us are familiar with common poisonous plants that cause dermatitis (skin irritations) such as poison ivy or poison oak, we fail to recognize common ornamental plants in the landscape tha…
Pollination of Vegetable Crops (C 934) Plants develop seeds through a process called pollination. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the stamen (male flower part) to the pistil (female flower part).
Pollinator Garden Design Guide Appendices (B 1570-1) The lead author of this publication is Katherine Melcher, College of Environment and Design. The UGA Extension contact for the publication's content is Becky Griffin. These appendices provide informat…
Pollinator Garden Design Guide: Activities for Youth, Schools, and Beginning Designers (B 1570) The lead author of this publication is Katherine Melcher, College of Environment and Design. The UGA Extension contact for the publication's content is Becky Griffin. Providing opportunities for youth…
Pomegranate Production (C 997) Pomegranates have been grown as a common backyard crop for decades in the South. In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the commercial production of the fruit in Georgia and surround…
Pond Fertilization and Liming in Georgia (B 867) Proper fertilization and liming help maximize fish production in ponds. This publication describes how to effectively fertilize and apply lime to a pond for optimum fish production.
Poultry Disease Prevention Checklist (B 1340) Disease prevention is much less stressful and costly than disease control and recovery. Biosecurity measures are a critical component of disease prevention. Use this list to rate your disease preventi…
Poultry Drinking Water Primer (B 1301) Water is a critical nutrient that receives little attention until a problem arises. Not only should producers make an effort to provide water in adequate quantity, they should also know what is in the…
Poultry Litter Application on Pastures and Hayfields (B 1330) Poultry litter is widely used on pastures and hayfields in Georgia. There are many benefits when it is used wisely. Producers should use nutrient management planning and recommended rates to ensure po…
Poultry Litter Composting for Backyard Flocks (C 1097) Your coop is ready. You've built a covered run or exercise yard to keep your chickens safe from predators and wild birds that carry diseases. Your chicks are old enough to move outside, and you're eag…
Poultry Litter Sampling (B 1270) Poultry litter is a mixture of poultry manure, feathers, wasted feed, and bedding material that contains nitrogen, phosphate, potash, and other nutrients essential for plant growth. Poultry litter can…
Poultry Mortality Composting Management Guide (B 1266) Disposal of dead birds can be a problem for poultry growers. Typical methods of mortality disposal include burial, incineration, rendering, and composting. Many states have banned the use of burial pi…
Poultry Mortality Disposal: Methods Following Catastrophic Loss (B 1342) Mortality disposal following a natural disaster or catastrophic disease event can become a major challenge for poultry producers. Disposal decisions must balance animal health goals with those of envi…
Poultry Processing: Measuring True Water Use Converting your plant from gpb to gpk (B 1381) The goal of this publication is to introduce the development of a more accurate measurement of water-use efficiency based on the bulk quantities of materials handled at each processing step at a poult…
Practical Use and Application of the Poultry Carbon Footprint Calculation Tool (B 1443) The cumulative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from any human activity are commonly referred to as the carbon footprint. The Poultry Carbon Footprint Calculation Tool was developed and designed specifi…
Predicting Nitrogen Release from Cover Crops: the Cover Crop Nitrogen Availability Calculator (B 1466) Cover crops have many benefits for farmers, including erosion control, weed suppression, and feeding the food soil web. Cover crops also play an important role in fertility, particularly for nitrogen.…
Preparing and Calibrating a No-Till or Conventional Drill for Establishing Forage or Cover Crops (B 1510) Properly maintaining, calibrating, and adjusting a seed drill before planting is an important part of ensuring the successful establishment of forage or cover crops. Seed may be placed at a depth that…
Preparing the Packinghouse for Peach Season (C 880) The southeastern peach industry is known for the high quality of its fresh peaches. As a new peach season approaches, it is time to ready the packinghouse for output of the best peach product.
Preparing Your Blueberry Freeze Protection System (C 1128) Frost protection systems tremendously benefit commercial blueberry production in Georgia. These systems are expensive and usually configured as overhead irrigation systems. For the system to provide p…
Preventing Salmonella Colonization of Chickens: Electrostatic Application of Electrolyzed Oxidative Acidic Water (B 1313) Electrolyzed oxidative water applied using electrostatic spraying is an effective means of eliminating pathogenic and indicator populations of bacteria from hatching eggs. Using this method in a pilot…
Principles of Irrigation and Scheduling for Vegetable Crops in Georgia (B 1511) This bulletin contains guidelines to determine irrigation scheduling for vegetable production in Georgia. Irrigation scheduling varies with water management and growers may require different technolog…
Procedure for Calibrating Granular Pesticide Applicators (C 818) Applicators used in granular applications should be calibrated to ensure uniformity and accuracy. An accurate and uniform application can reduce the quantity of an active ingredient required for a giv…
Production and Management of Garlic, Elephant Garlic and Leek (C 852) This publication discusses how garlic, elephant garlic and leek can be grown successfully in South Georgia.
Production Costs vs. Feeding Value of Forages (C 1020) Determining an equitable price for purchased forages is a necessary but often uncomfortable topic of discussion for feed growers and purchasers. Usually this discussion is in the context of corn silag…
Professional Grounds Management Calendar (C 802) This publication is a monthly guide for professional managers of commercial, recreational, municipal, institutional or private grounds in Georgia.
Profitable Cattle Marketing for the Cow-Calf Producer (B 1078) Profitable cattle marketing means producing the most profitable calf, selling through the most profitable market outlet and pricing at the most profitable time. Unfortunately, most cow-calf producers …
Promoting a Healthy Forest on Your Land (B 1494) David Coyle and Mark Megalos, Southern Regional Extension Forestry Healthy forests provide many public benefits like clean air and water, wildlife and plant habitat, and diverse forest products that …
Propagating Deciduous Fruit Plants Common to Georgia (B 818) Deciduous fruit plants common to Georgia must be propagated asexually because they do not come true to seed. This makes it necessary to reproduce the desired fruit plants by methods such as cuttings, …
Propagating Disease-Free Blueberry Plants from Softwood Cuttings (B 1540) Propagating disease-free blueberry plants is important for the future sustainability of the blueberry industry in Georgia and the Southeast. Over the past two to three decades, the Georgia blueberry i…
Protect Children: The Delicates that Matter (C 1109) Simple steps can stop preventable accidents in the laundry room. Laundry packets are used by millions of consumers and households each year and contain a highly-concentrated, pre-measured dose of dete…
Protect Yourself from Ticks (C 937) This publication discusses how to protect yourself and the areas around your home from ticks. It also includes information on common tick-borne diseases, such as Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme …
Protecting Georgia's Surface Water Resources (B 1217) Since only a small amount of water is available for human use, this publication was written to provide a broad-based discussion of how to protect our surface water resources.
Protecting Your Forest Asset: Managing Risks in Changing Times (B 1495) Private forest owners control most of the southern forest resource and are critical to maintaining forest health in the South. Record droughts, rising temperatures, increased frequency and intensity o…
Pruning Muscadine Grapes (C 1268) Many gardeners don’t realize how vigorously muscadines and grapes must be pruned each season in order to ensure good production. Quality equipment and care also is essential to maintain healthy plants…
Pruning Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (B 961) This publication provides guidelines for proper pruning that may help assure healthy vigorous plants and lasting landscape beauty. First, we'll discuss the three basic Ts for successful pruning: tools…
Pulse Width Modulation Technology for Agricultural Sprayers (C 1277) This publication provides information on pulse width modulation (PWM) technology including its working principle, components, benefits, and best management practices for its optimal utilization on agr…
Purple Martins (C 977) Not too long ago, every farmhouse had boxes, gourds or other housing to attract purple martins. Martin houses are not as common today as they once were, but with increasing interest in our environment…
Quick Storage Guide for Vegetable Crops (C 1205) Vegetables require careful handling, storage, and monitoring to ensure the maximum postharvest life span. Because we are dealing with live organisms, the maximum attainable shelf life of vegetables ca…
Radon Mitigation Dos and Don'ts (C 1065) Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. A radon reduction system (radon mitigation) reduces high levels of indoor radon to acceptable levels. The system most frequently …
Rain Gardens in Home Landscapes (EB 101) This publication includes three parts. Part 1 discusses stormwater as a pollution source for streams and water bodies, and provides a background on why rain gardens in our landscapes have great enviro…
Rainwater Harvesting for System Designers and Contractors (B 1372) With recent droughts and increased emphasis on water conservation, rainwater harvesting (RWH) has become an important alternative source for outdoor irrigation. RWH is the collection of runoff from ro…
Rapport de recherches sur l’arachide en Haïti (B 1499-FR) L’arachide est cultivée en Haïti depuis au moins 500 ans et remonte très probablement à la préhistoire. Selon Bartolomé de las Casas, un prêtre qui a accompagné Christophe Colomb lors de son expéditio…
Recommended Practices for Using Wood Ash as an Agricultural Soil Amendment (B 1147) This publication covers a procedure for applying wood ash as a lime substitute on agricultural lands. This method can be used by manufacturers and dealers who wish to supply wood ash or by landowners …
Recommended Procedure for Field Measurement of Soil Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity and the Applications for On-Site Wastewater Treatment Systems in Georgia (B 1535) This bulletin describes a recommended procedure to measure soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) with a borehole permeameter and convert this value to estimates of percolation rate for on-site wa…
Red Cabbage: Crop Management Practices, Food Safety, and Biochemical Properties (C 1221) Red cabbage is a highly nutritious vegetable crop, rich in minerals, vitamins, and several other chemical compounds that are beneficial for human health, including phenols, proteins, glucosinolates an…
Red-Headed Flea Beetle: An Ornamental Nursery Pest (C 1187) The red-headed flea beetle (RHFB), Systena frontalis (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a serious insect pest in ornamental nurseries. It is also referred to as the “cranberry flea beetle” in cranber…
Reducing Aflatoxin in Corn During Harvest and Storage (B 1231) Aflatoxin is a naturally occurring toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The fungus can be recognized by a gray-green or yellow-green mold growing on corn kernels in the field or in storage…
Regulations for On-Farm Storage Tanks in Georgia (B 1136) This publication provides a brief overview of the major regulatory agencies and highlights the rules that Georgia farmers should be aware of concerning storage tanks on their farms.
Removal of Arsenic From Household Water (C 996) Arsenic in your drinking water may damage your health. Because arsenic in household well water is usually dissolved from natural rock in the aquifer, water treatment is the only way to eliminate it. T…
Repellents and Wildlife Damage Control (C 1021) Every year, wildlife causes millions of dollars of damage in Georgia. Losses may be economic (like damage to crops) or aesthetic (for example, damage to landscapes or golf courses) and can range from …
Repotting Basics (C 1240) This publication describes the reasoning behind repotting, as well as container selection, drainage, positioning the plant on an appropriate soil base, examining and attending to root issues, potentia…
Reproductive Management of Commercial Beef Cows (B 864) Reproductive efficiency has long been recognized as the most important aspect of commercial beef production. This publication explains how improved herd management and selection for reproductive perfo…
Resolving Human-Nuisance Wildlife Conflicts (B 1248) When wildlife populate a place where they are unwanted or cause damage to valuable plants or structures, they become a nuisance. This publication discusses some basic principles for dealing humanely w…
Rethink Waste Series: Recycle (C 1050-2) In today's disposable economy, it often seems easier to throw away old products and buy new ones. Because everything we need can be produced so quickly and cheaply, we tend to ignore the repercussions…
Rethink Waste Series: Reduce (C 1050-1) Reducing your actual rate of consumption is the most efficient way to manage the worldwide waste problem. This publication provides strategies you can implement to reduce the amount of waste you and y…
Rhodesgrass Mealybug: Biology and Management (C 1159) The rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis, is an invasive insect native to Asia. First found in the U.S. in Texas in 1942, the rhodesgrass mealybug has since spread to all states on the Gulf of Mexi…
Roasted Peanut Flavor (B 1478) Flavor is the major determinant for consumers' appreciation of roasted peanuts. Flavor development involves two important reactions: Maillard reaction and lipid oxidation. Maillard reaction mainly occ…
Roses in Georgia: Selecting and Growing Techniques (C 1001) Roses are one of the most popular plants among Georgia gardeners even though growing roses in the southern climate can be challenging. Knowing which rose varieties to choose is the key to success. Thi…
Row Crop Planter Checklist: Tips to Achieve Successful Stand Establishment (C 1231) The lack of proper planter setup and maintenance results in common planting mistakes that affects crop stand and yield every year. Growers can easily avoid these mistakes by following a few simple ste…
Safe at Home: Preventing Lung Cancer by Reducing Radon in the Home (C 1296) Radon may be found in one out of every 15 homes and is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. This gas can enter your home through cracks and holes in the foundation, or even un…
Safety Checklists for New Landscape Employees (B 1415) These checklists can be used to introduce new landscape workers to safe work practices. They ensure that job safety training includes safety instruction. Included are sections on general safety precau…
Safety for Hispanic Landscape Workers (B 1334) Hispanic workers predominate in Georgia's urban agriculture industry, comprising almost three-fourths of the workforce. Employers must ensure comprehension and safety compliance, address language barr…
Sampling and Managing Whiteflies in Georgia Cotton (C 1184) Whiteflies are common and recurrent insect pests of cotton in Georgia. The severity of whitefly damage varies from year to year based on the size of the pest population. The most abundant species of w…
Sampling Irrigation Water for Blueberry Production (C 1104) This publication outlines the sampling procedure for irrigation water to be used in blueberry production. Follow the outlined steps to provide a certified lab with a sample that is representative of t…
San Jose Scale: A Pernicious and Persistent Pest of Peaches (C 1225) San Jose scale, Comstockaspis perniciosus (Comstock), is a pest of peaches, nectarines, plums, and other tree fruits including apples, pears, and cherries. San Jose scale is considered a secondary pes…
Savannah and Woodland Management of Shortleaf Pine (C 1134) Patrick Keyser, University of Tennessee, Center for Native Grasslands Management Savannahs are typically thought of as transitional landscapes between forest and prairie, containing a sparse overstor…
Seed Saving in Georgia Gardens: A starter guide for schools, communities, and homes (C 1242) This circular describes the process of saving seeds, particularly for heirloom varieties in the Georgia garden. This guide is useful for both home gardens and school or community gardens.
Selecting a Beef Breed (C 859) New cattle producers frequently ask, “Which breed should I choose?” This question brings cold chills to many knowledgeable cattle producers and excitement to just as many enthusiastic breeders. The di…
Selecting a Forage Bermudagrass Variety (C 919) This publication shares the collective experience of research and extension personnel on bermudagrass cultivars that are (or could be) grown in Georgia.
Selecting a Tiller for the Home Garden (C 1182) Most gardeners realize that they must manipulate the soil in their garden to successfully grow vegetables. Whether by hand, with a shovel, or a mechanical piece of equipment, tilling is an important p…
Selecting and Growing Azaleas (B 670) Azaleas' vivid colors, profusion of flowers and adaptability to a wide range of soils and climates make them one of the most popular flowering shrubs in Georgia. Although most people associate azaleas…
Selecting Salt-Tolerant Native Trees for the Georgia Coast (B 1477) This publication explains the different sources of salt in the soil, the effects of high salt and salinity in plants, measurements of salinity in soils and water, and a list of salt-tolerant native tr…
Selecting Trees and Shrubs as Resources for Pollinators (B 1483) We can positively affect pollinator populations in our region by providing plants that help sustain them. Pollinators face the increasing challenges of habitat loss, parasite and disease pressure, and…
Selenium in Georgia Soils and Forages: Importance in the Livestock Industry (B 1390) This publication highlights the role of selenium in animal nutrition; selenium concentration and distribution in soils and feedstuffs (grains and forages) produced in various parts of the United State…
Service Animals on U-Pick Farms (C 1153) Many produce farms choose to exclude domesticated animals to prevent the spread of fecal contamination to produce crops. However, when farms allow members of the general public access to U-pick fields…
Setting Goals to Improve Breeding Strategies (B 1213) Problem identification is the first step in establishing objectives and goals to improve reproductive management in a dairy herd. Management is determining what must be done and achieving results thro…
Shade and Street Tree Care (B 1031) With proper care, trees can be valuable commodities around our homes, communities and urban landscapes. Providing care requires understanding tree biology, or how and why trees function. Trees constan…
Shade Trees for Georgia (C 1013) Shade trees are a staple of Southern landscapes and include a variety of species, forms and seasonal appeal. In the Southeastern U.S., shade trees are used most often to provide relief from the summer…
Shipper Sweet Corn in Southern Georgia (B 1549) Summarizes shipper sweet corn production in southern Georgia.
Silverleaf Whitefly: A Pest in Nursery and Greenhouse Ornamental Crops (C 1249) The silverleaf whitefly, also known as the sweet potato whitefly or Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), attacks a wide range of plants, from ornamentals to warm-season vegetables. Whiteflies are …
Silvics of Shortleaf Pine (C 1135) Bill Pickens, Conifer Silviculturist, North Carolina Forest Service Shortleaf pine, Pinus echinata, is the most widely distributed, but perhaps least understood of the four major southern yellow pine…
Simple Tree Training Technique for Peaches (C 878) A relatively new peach tree training system is being adopted by some southeastern peach growers; it is an easy, low-maintenance system that can be used even in the home orchard.
Small Farm Nutrient Management Primer: For Un-permitted Animal Feeding Operations (B 1293) Producers need to be aware of the impacts that manure can have on water and air quality. However, management of manure and other byproducts of livestock and poultry production has important impacts on…
Small Flowering Gardens Help the Migrating Monarch Butterfly (B 1558) A classic example of a North American species that undergoes a great migration is the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus Linnaeus. Monarchs travel on air currents and cross more than 3000 miles in wi…
Small Fruit Video Series Series: Cross-Contamination (C 1300-02) Cross-contamination, resulting in foodborne pathogen contamination of small fruits, can occur at any point throughout production and post-harvest handling. This video discusses techniques and best pra…
Small Fruit Video Series Series: Foodborne Illnesses (C 1300-01) Foodborne illnesses sicken approximately 48 million Americans a year and result in significant financial losses for the food industry. Outbreaks of foodborne illness have been linked to consumption of…
Small Market Fruit and Vegetable Farming (C 1251) This publication covers some of the basic information about what you may need and key considerations when developing a small fruit and vegetable farm.
So Easy To Preserve (B 989) The 6th edition of this popular book is available for purchase only. The 388-page book covers topics on Preserving Food, Canning, Pickled Products, Sweet Spreads and Syrups, Freezing and Drying. There…
Sod Webworms: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1156) Sod webworms are a serious pest of turfgrass in Georgia. There is limited information available to the green industry and the public about the general biology, ecology, and management of this pest. Th…
Soil and Fertilizer Management Considerations for Forage Systems in Georgia (B 1346) Georgia possesses diverse soil conditions and many forage production factors are influenced by this diversity. As a result, the soil environment of a given site must be considered when selecting forag…
Soil Inoculants (C 990) Soil inoculants are used for a variety of reasons. In some cases, we add soil organisms that have a known beneficial effect. A symbiotic relationship is one that is mutually beneficial. In return for …
Soil Preparation and Planting Procedures for Ornamental Plants in the Landscape (B 932) Proper planting is essential for healthy, vigorous growth of ornamental plants in the landscape. It assures rapid plant establishment by providing a favorable environment for the developing root syste…
Soil Salinity Testing, Data Interpretation and Recommendations (C 1019) The University of Georgia Agricultural and Environmental Services Laboratories offer soil salinity testing to help farmers and the general public diagnose and manage problems associated with soil sali…
Soil Sampling for Precision Management of Crop Production (B 1208) While site-specific soil sampling can improve field management, it must be accompanied by the conscientious collection and analysis of data. The new technologies that have elevated precision agricultu…
Soil Test Handbook for Georgia (SB 62) This handbook is designed to serve as a reference guide for the University of Georgia Cooperative Extension personnel and others regarding Georgia's lime and fertilizer recommendations and to provide …
Soil Testing for Home Lawns, Gardens and Wildlife Food Plots (C 896) Developing and maintaining productive soils begin with soil testing. Soils tests provide information on the soil's actual nutrient status. Test results are used to determine the amount and kind of nut…
Soil Testing: Soil pH and Salt Concentration (C 875) Soil pH is one of the most important measurements of soil fertility. Knowing a soil's pH may help in diagnosing nutritional problems of agricultural crops and other plants.
Solving Postpartum Breeding Problems (B 1211) Early identification and diagnosis of reproductive problems through a herd health program are an essential part of successful dairy management. A cow must be pregnant by 85 days postpartum to achieve …
Somatic Cell Count Benchmarks (B 1194) This publication provides somatic cell count benchmarks for Holstein herds processed by Dairy Records Management Systems. Some examples of using and applying benchmark values are provided. However, th…
Sorghum Insect Pests and Their Management (B 1283) Insect pests can be a major limiting factor in grain sorghum production in Georgia. Growers must be prepared to scout and prevent injury from insects in sorghum. However, a proper insect pest manageme…
Sourcing Soil Amendments for Small-Scale Farms and Gardens (C 1272) Whether from a local store, regional supplier, or another farmer down the road, understanding where your soil amendments come from and how they were handled prior to reaching your farm or garden is ne…
Southeastern Peach, Nectarine, and Plum Pest Management and Culture Guide (B 1171) This guide covers multiple states and production areas. Pest problems vary across the Southeast. Pesticide rates are a guideline. Exceptions are noted for specific locations and pests, but this guide …
Southeastern Pecan Growers' Handbook (B 1327) Pecan production is considered by many who practice this endeavor to be as much an art as it is a science. Growers must integrate multiple disciplines in order to be successful. This book was created …
Southern Chinch Bug: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1147) The southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber, is a serious insect pest of turfgrass, especially St. Augustinegrass, in Georgia. Bermudagrass, centipedegrass, and zoysiagrass are also attacked by …
Southern Highbush Blueberry Marketing and Economics (B 1413) To be more competitive, Georgia blueberry producers have to increase their yields to match or better the average U.S. values. This increase can occur through an improvement of the agricultural practic…
Southern Small Grains Resource Management Handbook (B 1190) The objective of this handbook is to provide rapid and extensive transfer of modern management technologies for small grain production. The intended audience includes Extension agents, industry person…
Spanish Series: Compostaje Básico Para el Avicultor (B 1408-SP) Composteo es una vieja práctica, muy benéfica para el medio ambiente, utilizada para la eliminacion y disposición diaria de los animales muertos. [Composting is an age-old practice that has been adap…
Spanish Series: Construyendo Huertos Caseros (B 577-SP) Un huerto bien administrado y productivo es una delicia. Este puede proveerle a su familia y a usted con una variedad de vegetales nutritivos y saludables que pueden ser disfrutados frescos o en conse…
Spanish Series: Control de Bermuda en Céspedes Residenciales del Sudeste de los EEUU (B 1393-SP) La bermuda es una planta perenne de estación cálida ampliamente utilizada para su uso como césped en el sudeste de los Estados Unidos. [Although improved common (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) and hybr…
Spanish Series: Daños Abioticos y Anomalias de Céspedes en Georgia (B 1258-SP) Los céspedes pueden ser atacados por agentes bióticos (vivientes) y abióticos (no-vivientes). Los agentes bióticos incluyen patógenos (hongos, bacterias, virus, citoplasma etc) y plagas como nematodos…
Spanish Series: Enfermedad “Mal del Pie” en Céspedes de Clima Cálido: Identificación y Control (C 1102-SP) El mal del pie es una enfermedad destrcutiva en la region central, sur y costera de Georgia. EL mal del pie afecta todos los cespedes de clima calido en Georgia pero es mas severo en el cesped San Agu…
Spanish Series: Enfermedades de Céspedes: Guia de Referencia Rapida (C 891-SP) Agente causal, céspedes susceptibles,condiciones que promueven la enfermedad, síntomas y control de mancha parda, mancha dólar, quemazón por Pythium, mancha foliar por Helminthosporium, marchitamiento…
Spanish Series: Enfermedades de los Céspedes en Georgia: Identificación y Control (B 1233-SP) Esta publicación es una guía completa para la identificación y control de enfermedades de los céspedes en Georgia. Enfermedades incluyen: mancha "dólar"; anillos de hada; pudrición radicular "toma-tod…
Spanish Series: Enfermedades Más Comunes de Plantas Ornamentales en Georgia (B 1238-SP) Esta publicación describe algunas de las enfermedades más problemáticas en las plantas de ornato más usadas en el jardín. El material presentado aquí le ayudará a identificar estas enfermedades y enco…
Spanish Series: Estrategias de Detección de Celo para Ganado Lechero (B 1212-SP) La detección de celo es el primer paso para hacer que un animal se preñe. De acuerdo con los registros de la Asociación Nacional para la Información de Hatos Lecheros (DHIA por sus siglas en inglés) l…
Spanish Series: Hogares Saludables: Cómo Eliminar el Moho en su Hugar (C 1047-2-SP) El moho crece a partir de las esporas, que se encuentran naturalmente en el aire y no se pueden ver a simple vista. Las esporas de moho actúan como semillas, haciendo que el moho crezca si las condici…
Spanish Series: Identificación y Control de la Mancha Larga de Céspedes Causada por Rhizoctonia en Georgia (C 1088-SP) La mancha larga causada por Rhizoctonia es una de las enfermedades mas comunes y severas de cespedes de clima calido en georgia y en los Estados Unidos. La publicacion contiene informacion importante …
Spanish Series: Identificación y Control de Lespedeza en Céspedes (B 1395-SP) La lespedeza común (Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schind syn. Lespedeza striata) es una leguminosa anual de verano sin organización en sus ramificaciones, que es una maleza problemática en céspedes de j…
Spanish Series: La Biología de Termitas Subterráneas del Este de los Estados Unidos (B 1209-SP) Las termitas subterráneas son los insectos sociales que viven en una sociedad en donde la mayoría de los miembros son insectos inmaduros o juveniles. Sus colonias pueden incluir de miles a millones de…
Spanish Series: La Vivienda: Su Mayor Prioridad: Cuando Disminuyen sus Ingresos (C 1041-6-SP) Cuando sus ingresos disminuyen o no alcanzan a cubrir sus gastos como antes, la planificación cuidadosa puede ayudarle a evitar el desalojo de su unidad de alquiler o la pérdida de su hogar.
Spanish Series: Las Recetas de Limpieza Ecológicas para un Hogar Saludable (C 1117-SP) • Las siguientes páginas “Limpieza ecológica: Recetas para un Hogar Saludable”, deben imprimirse por las dos caras de un papel de calidad gruesa. • Las recetas con números impares se imprimirán en un …
Spanish Series: Limpieza de Arboles Dañados por Tormentas (C 1199-SP) Los árboles son los que mas se dañan en las tormentas y son estos los mas peligrosos de limpiar. Los arboles dañados por tormentas están sujetos a una gran cantidad de peligros asociados con la tala d…
Spanish Series: Lista de Verificación para el Mantenimiento del Hogar (C 1082-SP) Al igual que su salud personal, la salud de su hogar se deteriorará sin un cuidado y mantenimiento regular. Mantener un ambiente interior saludable ayuda a aumentar su calidad de vida y la vida de su …
Spanish Series: Lista de Verificación para Moho y Humedad (C 1083-SP) Las esporas del moho solo necesitan un ambiente favorable, alimentos (madera, papel, alfombra, etc.) y humedad para crecer. Si no se detecta o se trata, el moho puede provocar efectos negativos para l…
Spanish Series: Los Arándanos y Su Producción (C 1278-SP) El arándano alto del sur, es un híbrido que requiere pocas horas de frio—una aproximación de cuantas horas la planta requiere estar expuesta a temperaturas de entre 32 a 45 °F para romper la dormancia…
Spanish Series: Mancha Dólar de Cespedes en Georgia: Identificacion y Control (C 1091-SP) Mancha dólar es una enfermedad omnipresent en cespedes de clima calido y frio en el estado de Georgia. La publicacion contiene informacion importante en la biologia del gente causal, descripcion detal…
Spanish Series: Manejo del Viñedo (C 1151-SP) Este póster del manejo del viñedo está basado en la fenología de la planta y proporciona una referencia para las buenas prácticas de manejo de las enfermedades y los insectos de la vid en un formato a…
Spanish Series: Planificar Sus Gastos: Cuando Su Dinero Disminuye (C 1041-3-SP) Cuando sus ingresos disminuyen, desarrollar un presupuesto no es una opción, es una necesidad. Aunque el proceso de desarrollar su primer presupuesto familiar puede ser incómodo, no es un castigo. Es …
Spanish Series: Programas de Sincronización de Hatos (B 1227-SP) Los datos del programa Dairy Records Management Systems (DRMS) demuestran que hatos de alta producción tienen índices de concepción bajos, y estos tienen también pasarán menos días abiertos y tienen u…
Spanish Series: Resolviendo Problemas Después del Parto (B 1211-SP) La identificación y el diagnóstico temprano de problemas reproductivos relacionados a nuestro programa de salud del hato es una parte esencial de un manejo eficiente de nuestra producción lechera. Muc…
Spanish Series: Seguir Adelante: Cuando sus Ingresos Disminuyen (C 1041-1-SP) Sobrevivir a la economía puede ser un desafío y mucho más cuando no hay dinero. En esta publicación le presentamos y explicamos las claves para sobrevivir a la economía: piense de manera positiva, exa…
Spanish Series: Seguridad para Trabajadores Hispanos de Jardineria (B 1334-SP) Los hispanos representan la minoría más grande de los Estados Unidos con 42.7 millones de habitantes. Los trabajadores hispanos predominan en la industria de la agricultura urbana del estado de Georgi…
Spanish Series: Seguridad Usando Motosierras y Limpieza de Arboles (C 1198-SP) Muchas personas ayudan con la limpieza de los árboles después de las tormentas. Algunos son ciudadanos voluntarios; otros son trabajadores del sector público y privado que pueden o no tener experienci…
Spanish Series: Tizón de Fuego de las Rosáceas: Síntomas, Causas y Tratamiento (C 871-SP) El tizón de fuego de las rosáceas es una enfermedad destructiva, altamente infecciosa y que ocurre en muchas partes del país y es causada por la bacteria Erwinia amylovora. El tizón de fuego es partic…
Spanish Series: Uso Seguro de la Motosierra: El Plan de Cinco Pasos para el Corte de un Árbol (C 1220-SP) Use estos cinco pasos para el corte de un árbol de forma segura de principio a fin. Este plan funciona para arboristas profesionales y los que no lo son. Cortar árboles con una motosierra es peligroso…
Spanish Series: Utilice los Recursos Comunitarios: Cuando sus Ingresos Disminuyen (C 1041-5-SP) Los recursos comunitarios pueden ser esenciales para sobrevivir periodos difíciles. Cada una de las comunidades donde vive, trabaja, se divierte, o practica sus creencias religiosas, puede ser una fue…
Speaking Spanish to Improve Dairy Cattle Reproduction (B 1344) This publication contains English-Spanish translations of common dairy reproduction terminology to help producers better use Spanish to evaluate reproductive management and communicate with employees.
Sport Fish Management in Ponds (B 732) Properly managed ponds supply an abundance of fish for recreation and nutrition. Stocking methods and catch rates are used to keep pond balance. Liming and fertilization recommendations for ponds in G…
Sprayer Nozzle Selection (B 1158) Nozzle selection is one of the most important decisions to be made related to pesticide applications. The type of nozzle affects not only the amount of spray applied to a particular area, but also the…
Spring Center Pivot and Lateral Irrigation System Preparation (B 1452) The main objective of this fact sheet is to provide a checklist of what is needed to properly prepare a center pivot or lateral irrigation system for the production season. All of the topics covered a…
Staking and Pruning Tomatoes in the Home Garden (C 1150) This publication gives both consumers and small vegetable farm growers options for providing support to their tomatoes in the vegetable garden. The circular covers the basics of how to successfully us…
Starting Plants From Cuttings for the Home Gardener (B 1553) This publication shows home gardeners how to propagate many of their favorite landscape plants from cuttings at a home garden scale, using tools and resources available to them.
Starting Your Own Business: Community Resources (C 1046) Starting a new business is an exciting and scary time. Georgia's business sector has an abundance of entrepreneurial spirit, but getting started can be overwhelming. Fortunately, there are several com…
Steps in Starting a School Garden (C 1101) This publication explains the necessary steps for starting a school garden. To create a sustainable garden, the emphasis is placed on school and community support.
Stinging and Biting Pests (C 782) This publication contains descriptions and images, as well as methods of control, for common stinging and biting pests found in Georgia, including: bees, wasps, hornets, fire ants, scorpions, caterpil…
Stockpiling Tall Fescue for Fall and Winter Grazing (C 920) Producing and/or purchasing hay to feed livestock through the winter represents a substantial expense. This publication details strategies and considerations when stockpiling and utilizing tall fescue…
Stored Product Pests in the Home (B 1378) Several dozen insect species infest food and non-food products of plant and animal origin commonly found in homes. Collectively, this group of insects is referred to as stored product pests. Most are …
Storm Damaged Tree Cleanup (C 1199) Trees are often damaged in storms and can be extremely dangerous to clean up. Storm damaged trees are subject to all the perils associated with tree felling and much more. Working conditions may be di…
Strategically Using Pregnancy Diagnosis to Identify Nonpregnant Cows (B 1538) Pregnancy diagnosis is an important part of reproductive management in productive beef cow-calf operations. Open cows decrease profitability as they utilize similar resources as pregnant cows without …
Strawberry Maturity Indices and Quality (C 1308) In this video, you will learn how to judge the optimum maturity of strawberries for harvest and how to identify the main quality attributes that are important for maximum postharvest shelf life.
Stripe Rust (Yellow Rust) of Wheat (C 960) Stripe rust is an emerging disease in the state of Georgia. Evidence of increased aggressiveness of the disease has been reported recently. Rusts are the most economically important group of wheat dis…
Success with Cover Crops (EB 102) This publication discusses the benefits of planting cover crops, how to select an appropriate cover crop to meet your needs, and includes information about using cover crops successfully.
Success with Mixed Containers Using Perennial and Woody Plants (B 1418) This publication offers information on types of plants suitable for mixed containers, with an emphasis on perennial and woody species and cultivars, as well as aesthetic qualities, cultural conditions…
Success with Pansies in the Winter Landscape: A Guide for Landscape Professionals (B 1359) This publication provides guidelines for the planting and care of pansies to ensure success, including planting time, bed preparation, plant spacing, planting procedures, fertilization, freeze protect…
Sugarcane Beetle: An Emerging Insect Pest in Georgia Turfgrass (C 1257) The sugarcane beetle has been a significant pest of many crops, including sugarcane, corn, sweet potato, and rice, for more than 100 years. It is a native species commonly found in turfgrass. While lo…
Suggested Blueberry Fertilization Timings and Rates (C 1163) Fertilization is an important practice of maintaining plant health. The blueberry plant is no exception, but there are important considerations when fertilizing blueberries. The rates, timing, and typ…
Summer Management Strategies for School Gardens (C 1298) Summer management of the school garden can be a challenge for educators and school gardeners. This publication presents several possible strategies for handling the garden so that teachers and adminis…
Sweet Corn Variety Evaluation Report: Spring 2020 (AP 120-1) To increase productivity, it's important that growers select sweet corn cultivars adapted to particular growing conditions. The goal of this report is to provide growers, crop advisers, county educato…
Sweet Potato Production and Pest Management in Georgia (B 1489) Sweet potatoes are members of the Convolvulaceae family, which includes morning glory. They are native to tropical America and are a perennial plant there. In more temperate regions such as the United…
Take-All Root Rot of Warm-Season Grasses (C 1102) Take-all root rot (TARR) has emerged as a destructive disease in central, south and coastal Georgia. TARR affects all warm-season turfgrasses in Georgia, but it is more common and severe in St. August…
Tattoo Application in Beef Cattle (C 1223) Livestock shows and purebred sales often require an ear tattoo as a form of permanent identification. If the rules of your next event require a tattoo, it is imperative for it to be accurate and easil…
Tax Tips for Forest Landowners for the 2017 Tax Year (C 1136) Linda Wang, National Timber Tax Specialist, Forest Service Specific Federal income tax laws and rules apply to timber-related income and expenses. The tax tips provided in this bulletin are intended t…
Tea Scale: Biology and Management in the Nursery and Landscape (C 1201) The tea scale, Fiorinia theae (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is a serious economic pest of several ornamental plants in nurseries and landscapes in Georgia, including camellias and hollies. Tea scales are …
Ten Steps to a Healthier Home Lawn (C 1009) The key to disease control is a healthy plant. Under proper turfgrass management, disease-causing conditions are often reduced and healthy turf is maintained. The following management practices will h…
Termite Control Services: Information for the Georgia Property Owner (B 1241) Though subterranean termites are a normal component of soil around buildings, structural infestations are not necessarily inevitable. As discussed later, a home's susceptibility to termite infestation…
The Business of Beginning Farming: Getting started, financing, licenses, tax exemptions, and more (C 1283) Starting a farming or commercial production enterprise requires more than knowledge of agriculture or livestock management. The business side of farming is a critical factor in the success and sustain…
The Buzz About Bees: Bumblebees Have a Lot to Offer (C 1290) Bumblebees are prone to catch your attention with their sonicating buzz or conspicuous and colorful appearance. They are robust, fuzzy-looking insects, with varying bands of coloration and a hairy abd…
The Georgia Water Stewardship Act (C 995) The Water Stewardship Act is intended to demonstrate Georgia’s deep commitment to the conservation of critical freshwater supplies. This publication provides an overview of the provisions and obligati…
The Georgia Water Stewardship Act: Farm Use Water Withdrawal Permits (C 994) The Water Stewardship Act is intended to demonstrate Georgia’s deep commitment to the conservation of critical freshwater supplies. This publication provides an overview of the major provisions affect…
The Importance of Stripping Foremilk on Milk Letdown, Milk Quality, and Mastitis Detection (B 1543) According to the National Mastitis Council, the recommended milking procedure for dairy animals is 1) provide low-stress environment, 2) check foremilk and udder for mastitis, 3) wash or predip teats …
The Intersection of Mosquito Management and Pollinator Protection (C 1188) Mosquitoes can transmit a wide variety of pathogens and significantly reduce our quality of life with their aggressive biting behavior. Pollinators, and honey bees in particular, are a critical part o…
The Management and Use of Bahiagrass (B 1362) Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) is a long-lived, perennial warm season grass that is grown extensively in the southeastern United States. It is most commonly used as a pasture species, but can be…
The Management and Use of Switchgrass in Georgia (B 1358) Recently, switchgrass has attracted attention as a potential bioenergy crop. High yields of biomass with relatively few inputs make switchgrass a favorable choice for bioenergy production. In contrast…
The National Extension Relationship and Marriage Education Model: Core Teaching Concepts for Relationship and Marriage Enrichment Programming (HDFS-E-157) With both the demand and the need for broader offerings of RME, a large number of programs have been developed, presenting somewhat of a dilemma for practitioners who are interested in providing effec…
The New and Improved Chaste Tree (C 1076) Chaste tree (genus Vitex) is an ornamental with many desirable qualities for the urban landscape. It is a deciduous shrub to small tree proffering violet flowers, which are a magnet for pollinators, f…
The Truth about Slime Molds, Spanish Moss, Lichens and Mistletoe (B 999) This publication contains basic information about slime molds, Spanish moss, lichens and mistletoe.
Think Outside the Boxwood: Alternative Plants for Gardens and Landscapes (C 1107) Since 2014, boxwood blight has been steadily spreading throughout Georgia landscapes and threatening large and economically important boxwood plantings. This publication provides alternative plants to…
Three Workbooks to Help Estimate Experimental Power (B 1491) Experimental power determinations are very important to agriculture and other applied sciences. It is necessary to be able to detect small differences when human and animal health or production profit…
Time Management: 10 Strategies for Better Time Management (C 1042) Learn 10 strategies for better time management, including knowing how to spend your time, setting priorities, using planning tools, getting organized, scheduling, delegating, and avoiding procrastinat…
Timeline of the U.S.–China Trade Dispute and Tariffs on Cotton and Textile Trade (C 1259) In 2018, the Trump Administration proclaimed significant changes in tariff actions on a variety of U.S. imports, which led to retaliation by U.S. trading partners—including China and many U.S. allies.…
Tips for Creating a Hunting Lease Agreement (C 971) Leasing hunting land is one of several types of hunting enterprises that can be profitable for landowners, or can at least cover some of the costs of land ownership. This publication give you tips on …
Tips for Saving Water in the Landscape (C 1010) Research has shown that a landscape that has been carefully planned and installed and properly managed will be healthier, less prone to insects and diseases, and will require less irrigation. Georgia'…
Tips to Prevent Accidental Poisonings: Poison Look-Alikes and Other Dangers (C 1227) Accidental poisonings from medications and household products could happen to anyone. Poison look-alike products are potentially harmful substances that can easily be mistaken for safe ones, usually b…
Top 10 Nursery Production Integrated Pest Management Practices in the Southeast (C 1008) Integrated pest management (IPM) is a sustainable approach to managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health and environmental r…
Trap Cropping for Small-Market Vegetable Growers (C 1118) Trap crops are sacrificial plants that can draw damaging insects away from valuable crops. Small-market growers, as well as homeowners, are experiencing greater pressure to produce quality vegetables …
Tree Ownership and Responsibility (C 1099) This publication discusses the ownership, responsibility, and liability of trees. It presents common situations in which a neighbor's trees encroach on another's property and suggests ways to resolve …
Tree Planting Details (C 989) This publication contains information about planting trees and shrubs, and includes AutoCAD files, .jpg images and .pdf files with instructions and images.
Tropic Croton Identification and Control in Cotton and Peanut (C 865) This publication discusses tropic croton identification and control in cotton and peanut.
Tropical Plants Offer New Possibilities for Georgia Gardens (B 1272) The goals of these investigations were to achieve an aesthetically pleasing landscape while experimenting with mixing various plant habits, leaf textures and colors, and even flowers, and to raise con…
Troubleshooting Cultural Problems in Tomatoes (C 1089) This publication is intended for general use audiences, including homeowners, civic groups, and master gardeners. It covers the basic troubleshooting procedures for solving common problems while growi…
Troubleshooting Salmonella in Poultry Processing Plants: Case Studies (B 1310) This publication provides suggestions regarding the proper tuning of a poultry processing plant to meet the USDA-FSIS standards for Salmonella levels, regardless of incoming Salmonella levels.
Troubleshooting Vegetable Production Problems in the Southeast (C 1054) This publication is designed for small market growers, homeowners, and Master Gardeners in order to be a quick reference guide for diagnosing common problems in vegetables.
Turfgrass Diseases in Georgia: Identification and Control (B 1233) This publication is a comprehensive guide to identifying and controlling turfgrass diseases in Georgia.
Turfgrass Diseases: Quick Reference Guide (C 891) Causal agent, susceptible turfgrasses, conditions promoting disease, symptoms and control of brown patch, dollar spot, Pythium, Helminthosporium leaf spot, fading out, gray leaf spot, fairy ring, take…
Turfgrass Fertility Series: Turfgrass Fertility: Soil Texture, Organic Matter, Aeration, and pH (C 1058-1) Successful lawn care requires a basic understanding of soil properties. A healthy plant starts with healthy soil. Soil is a complex relationship of soil minerals, organic matter, soil inhabiting organ…
Turfgrass Fertility Series: Turfgrass Fertility: Understanding Fertilizer Labels, Macronutrients, and Micronutrients (C 1058-2) A regular fertilization program is important to maintain healthy, attractive turf and should include applying the correct analysis of fertilizer, using the correct amount, and fertilizing at the prope…
Turfgrass Field Day Series: 2016 Turfgrass Research Field Day Guide (AP 117-1) This is a biennial publication containing the proceedings of the turfgrass research field day carried out at the UGA Griffin Campus every other year. The guide provides professionals with continuous, …
Turfgrass Field Day Series: 2018 Turfgrass Research Field Day Guide (AP 117-2) This is a biennial publication containing the proceedings of the turfgrass field day carried out at the UGA Griffin campus every other year. The guide provides professionals with continuous, real-time…
Turfgrass Field Day Series: 2022 Turfgrass Research Field Day Guide (AP 117-3) This biennial publication contains the proceedings of the turfgrass field day carried out at the UGA Griffin campus every other year; 2022 was the first field day since the 2018 field day because of t…
Turfgrass Pest Control Recommendations for Professionals (B 984) This publication includes recommendations and current guidelines for turfgrass pest control methods and materials in Georgia, as well as a turfgrass management calendar.
Two-Lined Spittlebug: Biology and Management in Turfgrass (C 1157) The two-lined spittlebug is an important insect pest of turfgrass in Georgia. It attacks all turfgrass species, but centipedegrass is the most susceptible to spittlebug infestation. It also attacks so…
UGA Basic Balancer (B 1371) The UGA Basic Balancer is a spreadsheet-based decision aid to formulate basic rations for beef cattle operations. The nutrient requirements used in this program are adapted from guidelines presented i…
UGA EASY Pan Irrigation Scheduler (B 1201) The UGA EASY (Evaporation-based Accumulator for Sprinkler-enhanced Yield) Pan Irrigation Scheduler is designed to provide in-field monitoring of crop water needs in humid areas for a fraction of the m…
UGA EASY Pan Irrigation Scheduler: Pan Size Considerations (B 1201-1) The University of Georgia EASY Pan (Evaporation-based Accumulator for Sprinkler-enhanced Yield) was introduced in 2001 as a simple, cost-effective alternative for scheduling irrigations on sprinkler i…
UGA Feed Cost Analyzer (B 1377) The UGA Feed Cost Analyzer is a spreadsheet-based decision aid to compare potential feedstuffs on a price per pound of crude protein and energy (total digestible nutrients; TDN). This program consists…
UGA Programs for Controlling Ryegrass and Wild Radish in 2020-21 Wheat (C 1072) Ryegrass threatens Georgia wheat production as herbicide resistance has become very problematic. Aggressive resistant management programs must be implemented; ignoring this warning will ensure resista…
Understanding and Improving Forage Quality (B 1425) The goal of this publication is to guide the user to a better understanding of basic forage quality terms and to recommend management changes that will improve forage quality. To that end, our objecti…
Understanding and Using Cattle Basis in Managing Price Risk (B 1406) Understanding the concept of basis is a key element in developing a sound marketing plan. Basis refers to the relationship between a commodity’s cash price in a local market and its futures market pri…
Understanding Beef Carcass Reports (B 1326) Many retained ownership programs offer producers the opportunity to receive a level of data from the feed-yard and packing plant that is rarely available after those animals leave the farm. Producers …
Understanding Gestation in the Mare and the Potential for Problems (B 1461) To have a successful equine breeding program, producers must successfully manage animals both pre- and post-breeding to ensure delivery of a healthy foal while maximizing the health of the mare. The f…
Understanding Laboratory Wastewater Tests: I. Organics (BOD, COD, TOC, O&G) (C 992) For most people a complete understanding of the standard methods required to accurately complete critical wastewater analytical tests is not necessary. However, a fundamental understanding of the theo…
Understanding Laboratory Wastewater Tests: II. Solids (TS, TSS, TDS, TVS, TFS) (C 1276) With the passing of the Clean Water Act and subsequent creation of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the early 1970s, industrial, institutional, and commercial entities have been requi…
Understanding Reproductive Events in the Mare for Successful Breeding Programs (B 1434) A solid understanding of mare cyclicity is the foundation on which to build or evaluate an equine breeding program. Horses differ from other species both in timing of cyclicity as well as endocrine pa…
Understanding Wastewater Treatment Systems (EB 100) Many Georgia communities are wrestling with wastewater disposal issues. The choices a community makes may affect its growth and environmental quality. This PowerPoint presentation presents the basics …
Understanding Your Water Bill (C 972) Educating yourself on the basics of your utility’s rates and rate structure, you can determine how your water bill is calculated, double check to make sure you are being charged the correct amount, an…
Unless You Test, It’s Just a Guess: How to Take, Interpret, and Utilize a Forage Sample (C 1287) This circular is useful for anyone working directly with livestock producers on interpreting and using forage reports. It also provides a "checklist" for taking forage samples from hay or baleage bale…
Upland Cotton Marketing Using MAL and LDP: Which Option is Better? (C 1222) The Agricultural Act of 2018 (2018 U.S. Farm Bill) extended the nonrecourse marketing assistance loan (MAL) and loan deficiency payment (LDP) feature for the 2019 through 2023 crop years for upland co…
Urban Entomology Pest Series: Argentine Ants (C 926) Argentine ant infestations are often more common during uncommonly hot, dry summers. Warm temperatures accelerate and promote colony growth, and may lead to larger than normal ant populations.
Urban Entomology Pest Series: Carpenter Ants (C 929) Carpenter ants are perhaps the largest of the pest ants likely to be encountered by homeowners and pest management professionals. This publication has several measures to help prevent problems with ca…
Urban Entomology Pest Series: Identifying the Formosan Subterranean Termite (C 868) Although rare, Formosan subterranean termite infestations have been found in Georgia. Formosan termites are not native to the U.S. They are commonly spread by movement of infested railroad crossties u…
Urban Entomology Pest Series: Managing Tawny Crazy Ants: Guidelines for the Pest Management Professional (B 1521) Tawny crazy ants (TCA), or Nylanderia fulva [Mayr], are one of a number of pest ant species that have been accidentally introduced to the U.S. mainland from abroad (Figure 1). The establishment and su…
Urban Entomology Pest Series: The Tawny Crazy Ant, Nylanderia fulva, in Georgia (C 1064) The Tawny crazy ant is a highly invasive species from South America. It was introduced into port cities in Florida and Texas. It was detected in Albany, GA, in August 2013 and in Camden and Glynn coun…
Urban Gardening: Assessing Soils for Contamination (C 1075) Urban gardeners and farmers may have concerns about potentially harmful contaminants in their soils. By determining the historical use of the land, one can test for soil contamination associated with …
Using a Rising Plate Meter to Measure Pasture Mass (B 1528) Measuring, monitoring, and managing forage requires producers to regularly measure how much forage mass is present and how quickly that forage is growing. By using a rising plate meter, producers can …
Using Chemicals in Pond Management (B 866) Chemicals are applied to ponds and lakes to control aquatic weeds, to eliminate undesirable fish, to control undesirable insects and aquatic vertebrates, and to correct undesirable water quality probl…
Using Container Composters for Disposal of Poultry Mortality (B 1550) Commercial poultry producers are looking for ways to improve their environmental impact and also to increase their profitability. Using container composters as a method of daily mortality disposal can…
Using Cotton Byproducts in Beef Cattle Diets (B 1311) Cotton byproducts offer a variety of feed ingredients that can lower the cost of beef cattle production. Cottonseed meal and whole cottonseed can be used in rations for any class of cattle. Gin trash …
Using Distillers Grains in Beef Cattle Diets (B 1482) With the growth of the ethanol industry in recent history, the availability of distillers grains, a byproduct of ethanol production, has increased. Distillers grains can serve as an excellent source o…
Using Futures Markets to Manage Price Risk in Feeder Cattle Operations (B 1404) In today’s farming environment of extreme price volatility and large debt commitments, most livestock producers need the security of one or more of the advantages offered by price risk management. Liv…
Using Live Animal Carcass Ultrasound in Beef Cattle (B 1337) One tool that aids producers in the efficient and profitable production of beef cattle is live animal carcass ultrasound. The use of carcass ultrasound is an economical way cattlemen can make genetic …
Using SpotOn® Digital Meter for Boom Sprayer Calibration (C 1252) Boom sprayer calibration using conventional methods (catching flow for certain time or distance) for large (60-90 ft; 54-72 nozzles) boom sprayers can be a time-consuming process. This short publicati…
Using Surfactants, Wetting Agents, and Adjuvants in the Greenhouse (B 1319) Many pesticides require the addition of an adjuvant, and some do not. When applying fungicides, insecticides or herbicides without a recommended adjuvant, 30 percent to 50 percent reduction in pest co…
Using Water Wisely with Automated Irrigation Systems (C 870) In Georgia, irrigation supplements rainfall and most years, even in summer, irrigation isn't needed every day. With a little careful observation, you can learn to determine your landscape plants' wate…
Vaccination as a Tool to Control Mastitis in Dairy Cows (B 1501) Due to cows' universal exposure to manure, which contains E. coli and other gram-negative bacteria, as well as the requirement to maintain sec as low as possible, all cows should be vaccinated with on…
Vaccine Handling: Producer Tips for Chuteside Success (B 1431) Vaccines are an integral part of a comprehensive herd health program. When used in conjunction with other management tools, vaccines can reduce both the risk and impact of disease in beef cattle herds…
Validating Antimicrobial Interventions in Poultry Processing (C 1204) Poultry processors have incorporated numerous antimicrobial interventions in the slaughter process to reduce the prevalence and/or concentrations of foodborne pathogens Salmonella and Campylobacter. T…
Variety Selection and Seed Saving for Organic Growers (B 1486) This publication provides information on variety types, suggested vegetable varieties for organic production, and steps to saving your own seed. Organic farming and vegetable production are becoming …
Vegetable Gardening in Georgia (C 963) When space is limited, a plentiful supply of crops such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplant and okra can be grown with a few properly cared-for plants.
Vineyard Canopy Management Series: Fruit Zone Management (C 1219) The “Vineyard Canopy Management Series” of Extension circulars reviews a number of canopy-management practices individually. Each circular advises how to effectively implement a canopy-management prac…
Vineyard Canopy Management: Shoot Thinning (C 1152) Shoot thinning is the first seasonal canopy management practice in wine grape vineyards, but shoot thinning is not implemented in muscadine vineyards. Failure to shoot thin results in a highly congest…
Vineyard Frost Protection (B 1490) The vineyard industry is growing across Georgia and across the Eastern United States. Frost is a perennial threat in these regions, and reducing frost risk can save approximately $48,000 per acre in r…
Virginia Buttonweed Identification and Control in Turfgrass (B 1397) This publication discusses ways to identify and control Virginia buttonweed, a troublesome broadleaf weed in turfgrasses throughout the Southeast.
Visual Evaluation of Beef Cattle for Breeding (B 1556) Beef cattle evaluation is important for all segments of the cattle industry. Visual evaluation allows you to compare animals not only for various economically viable traits, such as growth performance…
Visual Guide to Common Bees of Blueberry Fields in Southeast Georgia (C 1295) This visual guide helps people identify common wild bees encountered in blueberry systems. The contribution of wild bees to blueberry pollination has is becoming widely recognized. Proper identificati…
Visual Guide to Common Wildflowers of South Georgia (C 1288) Wildflowers not only beautify the landscape but also provide food and shelter for myriad insects, birds, and mammals. Georgia is rich in endemic (belonging in a particular area or environment) species…
Visual Reference Guide to Common Predators and Pests in Georgia Cotton (C 1161) This quick reference guide provides an overview of common pests and predator groups and their sizes, habitat preferences, and timing in cotton fields. This visual guide is intended to help facilitate …
Viticulture Management (C 1151) This phenology-based viticulture management poster provides a reference for sound viticultural, disease, and insect management practices in a digestible format. Viticultural practices optimize vineyar…
Water Meters as a Water Management Tool on Georgia Farms (B 1296) In 2004, the Georgia General Assembly passed and the governor signed House Bill 579, which required all permitted irrigation withdrawals in Georgia to be metered by 2009, depending on available funds.…
Water Quality and Common Treatments for Private Drinking Water Systems (B 939) An abundant supply of clean, safe drinking water is essential for human and animal health. Water from municipal or public water systems is treated and monitored to ensure that it is safe for human con…
Water Requirements and Quality Issues for Cattle (SB 56) Water is the most important nutrient for cattle. It accounts for 50 to 80 percent of an animal's weight and is involved in every physiological process. Cattle cannot adapt to water restriction and fee…
Water Reuse in Poultry Processing: Now addressed in the HACCP program (C 901) The USDA-Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) indicated that if water is to be reused in a poultry processing facility, then this reuse water must be accounted for in the plant’s HACCP program.
Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia Series: Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia: Brassica Crops (C 1169) This publication is the second in a series focusing on irrigation scheduling for vegetable crops. It contains basic guidance on water use and irrigation management for Brassica crops such as cabbage, …
Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia Series: Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia: Solanaceae Crops (C 1216) This publication is part of a series focusing on irrigation scheduling for vegetable crops. It contains basic information on water use and irrigation management using the crop water demand method for …
Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia Series: Water Use and Irrigation Management for Vegetables in Georgia: Watermelon (Citrullis lanatus) (C 1183) This circular contains the fundamentals of watermelon irrigation scheduling using the crop water demand method. Decisions regarding the timing, frequency, and amount of water required for a crop are s…
Water-Wise Landscape Guide for the Georgia Piedmont (B 1444) Do you want a landscape that is beautiful, saves you time, effort and money and uses less water? If you do, a water-wise landscape is for you. Water-wise landscapes are designed, organized, and mainta…
Watson Training System for Bunch Wine Grapes (B 1522) There are two main trellising system categories: divided and single canopy. Jerry Watson, a grape grower and owner of Austin County Vineyards in Cat Spring, Texas, developed the divided canopy “Watson…
Wax Scale Insect: What is the White Glob on My Twigs? (C 1291) Scale insects are very common pests of landscape trees and shrubs, yet they often are overlooked when scouting. They can, however, be responsible for chlorosis (loss of green coloration of plants due …
Weed Control in Home Lawns (B 978) Weeds can be major pests of home lawns. Due to differences in color, leaf size, shape and growth habit, weeds detract from the natural beauty of desirable turfgrasses. Additionally, weeds compete with…
Weed Control Options for the Home Vegetable Gardener (C 1144) This publication covers the basics of different weed control options including mechanical, chemical, and environmentally friendly practices. The material provides both consumers and small vegetable fa…
Weed Wizard Series: Controlling Florida Betony in the Landscape (C 867-11) Florida betony is a “winter” perennial and has a square stem with opposite leaves. Florida betony (also called rattlesnake weed and hedge nettle) is a problem weed in both turfgrasses and ornamentals.
Weed Wizard Series: Controlling Greenbrier (C 867-2) Greenbrier (Smilax spp.) is a difficult vine to control in the landscape. Also known as Catbrier, Cat Sawbrier and Sarsaparilla vine, once this climbing vine develops an extensive underground rhizome …
Weed Wizard Series: Controlling Poison Ivy in the Landscape (C 867-10) Poison ivy (Rhus radicans) is a common poisonous plant in Georgia. Its preferred habitat is moist, deciduous forests and wooded areas; however, it is also found in pastures, fence rows, ornamental pla…
Weed Wizard Series: Weed Control in Iris (C 867-8) With their beautiful flowers, irises are coveted as one of the finest herbaceous perennials. Unfortunately, like most garden plants, weed control in irises can be difficult. Established perennial broa…
Weights and Processed Yields of Fruits and Vegetables (C 780) Marketing fresh fruits and vegetables at farmers markets, roadside markets, and pick-your-own farms is an important and growing method of marketing. However, many of the containers used are not practi…
What is a Weather Station and Can it Benefit Ornamental Growers? (B 1475) A weather station is a collection of instruments and sensors measuring atmospheric and soil conditions. Commonly measured environmental variables include light, temperature, relative humidity, rain, w…
What’s Your Flavor? Bee Preferences for Crape Myrtle Cultivars (C 1185) Crape myrtles, Lagerstroemia spp., are popular landscape shrubs and small trees. Native to China, Japan, and Korea southward to Oceania, crape myrtles have been cultivated in the U.S. for more than 17…
What's the “Beef” with Methane Emission and Cattle Production? (B 1453) In recent years, global climate change has been one of the most frequently discussed scientific ideas in the popular press. Terms like “global warming” and “greenhouse gas” have been politicized with …
When to Harvest Vegetables (C 935) This circular gives suggestions for determining the proper stage of maturity for harvesting many vegetables.
When Your Income Drops Series: Housing: Your Top Priority (C 1041-6) Keeping a roof over your head is an important concern when your income drops or doesn't go as far as it used to. Careful planning can help you avoid eviction from your rental unit or the loss of your …
When Your Income Drops Series: Insurance Matters (C 1041-4) When times are hard, it is tempting to drop your insurance coverage. This may be OK for some coverage, but not for others. You do not want to put yourself in a worse financial situation than you are a…
When Your Income Drops Series: Moving Forward (C 1041-1) Experiencing a loss of income can be devastating. Getting by with less may seem like an impossible task. Learn how to move forward by implementing the keys to success: thinking positive, considering t…
When Your Income Drops Series: Planning your Spending (C 1041-3) When your income drops, developing a realistic family spending plan is not optional—it is necessary. Learn how to reduce spending and pay debt so you can make sure essential costs can be covered.
When Your Income Drops Series: Taking Care of You and Your Family (C 1041-7) Dealing with the financial aspects of your situation is important. But it is equally important to deal with the psychological and emotional aspects that you and your family are experiencing. Gain insi…
When Your Income Drops Series: Tap into Community Resources (C 1041-5) Community resources can make a big difference in your ability to make it through hard times. Learn about support networks and resources that may be available to help in your community.
When Your Income Drops Series: What About Your Assets? (C 1041-2) Now that you are living on less, it is tempting to cash in your assets to pay the bills and make ends meet. Start thinking about the types of assets you have and the long-term implications of cashing …
White Clover Establishment and Management Guide (B 1251) White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a cool season perennial legume of Mediterranean origin. White clover has been used as a forage in North America since Colonial times. Benjamin Franklin noted its …
White Grub Pests of Turfgrass (C 940) White grubs are the larvae of scarab beetles. All are C-shaped, white to dirty white in color, with a brownish head and legs.
White Striping in Broiler Breast Meat (B 1472) White striations in broiler breast meat tend to reduce customer confidence because severe white striping means that the cooked meat will be tougher than meat with low white striping. There is also hig…
Whitefly-Transmitted Plant Viruses in South Georgia (B 1507) The silverleaf whitefly (SLWF), Bemisia tabaci, (also known as sweet potato whitefly) is a pest of a wide variety of horticultural and agronomic crops in southern Georgia. Adults and nymphs (Figure 1)…
Wildlife Management Series: Evaluating Attractants for Live-Trapping Nine-Banded Armadillos (C 889-3) Foraging armadillos often uproot ornamental plants. Their rooting also destroys gardens, lawns and flower beds. Their burrowing can damage tree roots and building foundations. Most armadillo damage is…
Wildlife Management Series: Using Milorganite to Repel White-Tailed Deer from Perennials (C 889-1) White-tailed deer provide aesthetic and economic value, but deer can cause a variety of negative economic impacts. Deer can damage personal property, agronomic crops, landscape plantings, and food plo…
Wildlife Management Series: Using Milorganite to Temporarily Repel White-Tailed Deer from Food Plots (C 889-2) Food plots provide supplemental forage to wildlife during periods when native vegetation is less abundant or lacks nutritional quality. Because deer often prefer fertilized food plot plants to natural…
Windows User-Friendly Feed Formulation for Poultry and Swine (RB 438) This publication (WUFFDA) provides a program designed to help formulate feeds for poultry and swine. It is available in the following languages: Afrikaanse, Chinese, Croatian, English, French, Korean,…
Winemaking at Home (C 717) This publication provides essential material and detailed instructions for successfully making wine at home. The information is designed for beginners who do not know where to begin and for experience…
Winter Protection of Ornamental Plants (C 872) Cold damage to ornamental plants can be a problem during the winter in the Georgia landscape. Regardless of where you live, recommended practices can maximize the chances that your prized landscape pl…
Winterizing Your Irrigation System (B 1439) Irrigation systems are used by farmers and homeowners to supply supplemental water to their crops. At the end of the growing season, the irrigation system should be checked and winterized to maintain…
Your Good Credit Series: Managing Credit Wisely (C 1043-3) Carefully shopping for credit and avoiding credit dangers offer the best defense against credit problems. This publication covers credit dangers, the credit pyramid, and how to ensure you maintain goo…
Your Good Credit Series: Understanding Your Credit Report (C 1043-1) Learn what makes someone credit worthy and the importance of a credit report. This publication covers how to obtain a credit report and how to understand what it contains.
Your Good Credit Series: Understanding Your Credit Score (C 1043-2) Learn what a credit score is and why it is important. This publication covers what is considered and average credit score and what factors influence your score.
Your Household Water Quality: Odors in Your Water (C 1016) Homeowners sometimes experience unpleasant odors in their household water. In many cases, the exact cause of the odor is difficult to determine by water testing; however, this publication provides a f…
Youth-Focused Relationship Education: Helping Georgia's Youth Become Relationship Smart (B 1537) Developmentally, one of the ways adolescents explore who they are is through romantic relationships. How adolescents approach these relationships is influenced by the relationships modeled around them…
You've Got the Power Series: Financial Power of Attorney (C 1113-3) A power of attorney is a legal document that allows another person to act on your behalf. The individual who gives the power is called the principal, and the designated person who is given the power i…
You've Got the Power Series: Living Will and Health Care Power of Attorney (C 1113-2) Your health could change at any time. In addition, your medical condition may prevent you from making decisions regarding your health care treatment. The good news is that there are legal documents th…
You've Got the Power Series: Where There's a Will, There's a Way (C 1113-1) A will is a legal document that is written by you (the testator or will-maker) that dictates how your property and assets will be distributed upon your death. A will also directs any estate taxes that…

Sue W. Chapman Associate State 4-H Leader